From d7cff17a8fdfb761a2e2d38a4840b731eed4e4b8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Riccardo Finotello Date: Wed, 7 Oct 2020 23:53:50 +0200 Subject: [PATCH] Add part of the deep learning paper Signed-off-by: Riccardo Finotello --- img/cicy_best_plots.pdf | Bin 0 -> 19600 bytes img/cicy_matrix_plots.pdf | Bin 0 -> 19576 bytes img/label-distribution_orig.pdf | Bin 0 -> 13837 bytes sciencestuff.sty | 1 + sec/part1/introduction.tex | 30 +- sec/part3/deeplearning.tex | 0 sec/part3/introduction.tex | 241 ++++ thesis.bib | 1876 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-- thesis.tex | 4 + 9 files changed, 2054 insertions(+), 98 deletions(-) create mode 100644 img/cicy_best_plots.pdf create mode 100644 img/cicy_matrix_plots.pdf create mode 100644 img/label-distribution_orig.pdf create mode 100644 sec/part3/deeplearning.tex diff --git a/img/cicy_best_plots.pdf b/img/cicy_best_plots.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7b21b63e214f520e1a9a3493826ceb69b8833875 GIT binary patch literal 19600 zcmeHvc|6t6_pm~^BujSHweRkJ-D}_Xoh+g3A=wE{=srPY*vhX02>!=jZ3-;{nG(k1&LxkEer)lONm);89fv{W}Hv!4X>p;WD)87jY4O7Jgj!<<9aCLAp)&Qu%lc|rLhp(5NkCTT((C?A2)dz?WdQOh6 zcFLZCpkD|X0gr`Cp^*>{L#T=0Z;lx|`Fi^MH~T-BDOz#*CGfr}cftP=)G|s@-0v(#Po{ zFryBGcxBphMW*bKxr;f?F*_{_orIKDLliPwC4RLawoP6Wo zQ~e=im3}pJra+;lTIx#E^Y4-cZ$FLA_EnsifBq(`@}vLa$dRgVC5w`Y1(#w)UI)ib zi`=~5^CrnsKb@`8#`Bnwb&h<==UZ+iv&>I}3a++tpba__$k;WCvV`=5Mw58Y3Q+4X z1O&>ab$uLjT^-??jQsYz&$g{9-dv|XxsaW22;d9(UGYnK$}#)No& zta#2I8Z#T;+8$INvqQ&9Z&_klmO`lCoyWlyAHsW<^E0dX&%7N~ZhPwMV)kQvdQzjW z`tjqSCjzla+-1edAFk!nJq;Om>>72Ol#)7p>089qRBYB>FCUg^q~*epPLCu-vHg%( zT2JEY*tf~llQt)UD}p2nnOVOmTaSOC7ftC^e&PIZHPktcU|-tQ^-*cCX&3J{`W|;H80B37%^m_Z`_!egP%Ob&Zf^q9Q&z8Zd>-U%CM5DuSa!Y9kAvUSSW+!t$rOLfp>6;9^&TM8QbXcb{fr>vS0Lo-9z@B zbg802=c8Q5P4~t=*OmOvuAFy`PsD9LIl=6uq&{D~2_|PEyO8`@9P17@H zv|lMt5XvkTl93#q($33 zKQr7#&G;%OIXOxr6&sSMnd+t4-%4-Kx{|ee!Z%>0`gkM_U(Gk($mk56+Bjx;YNMyU ziQk6HK3wXr=3>3Jx7%}1H_yXQrt$k|(G7y>Ca6=pbBvg~#n`Q7Mtf4W-Er*^HeN~9 z5Jqwgo>cr%qHaH)Q1m^3NAgHTN)hk83_}_wgM$6m*v{eu=p(7arRQ=xy(H2eXyOxH zp761lSMkW1C3I;la>ac>x!=sZQwS)x?^*B#y$kUZfmM zX^3}w$eN0y%bF2pPNlYCEExWNUe~h4m2pH+Rb7BPE?S#WJ=;K$9Q{*$dOPFq0f0PmODmaDHI~R18!a{-v3TRWWLex zEH!0guOCOe82dCa=8_DYg z1Ma?(b%0MR9uN@UZU*WXbG_Roi)}-h9B3SYnTg##B%;Z6oAZaT+7Nq)p??kcUDNAF z`ET2{cdNMz4)9v^E`_M-Ut+vV zM3b>3J1|Zci$(}MysC;a-LFp`svb|D@2JVly<>j6n^@Y8)hOOQ)9>5Zs*^lG2YInBNhNlG9=%5Y?;YgawnaV9Mc3E{c1cOl~gb9#Q(a^ ziMb`#u#!yKnDerq!=S9O8aI2ck0jDM?}qU~pWUtRo|LQUUVIufac~-^c4JKRm2bKC z(Ro(+$dYW=itpNE?8SrQ-wLt}oj$YEcfqQpKG}(!h>+=K@N@t2Orn%hOY%DMlbt0$ z*KO8E`n4RM{WMO~kFypHeY}JXaywCam+x5NYj@wYzbQd+g)kUQ+3m`IwEw*6t7NAk z<-2bytoKqrFE~#0WW*>9^TOV{(y~}hwC>TJV|}-MOaj(-fa-XFwIn%KL*e$WqZ}2* zF)~rs7F2b$Cd8tMpd};Sp&S|7sZ;Z|VcMOK8Dj&~tgtS2d!`c;eWs^fJt~~5Q~i-# z0ey9XWlJS@E}eWX%YI}m!oeh)fabhMypkNGs410Exg(y?UascN`qeukp7#4&?memG zm}v)gnZtD{EH*DSj3P|wbF1nJG1rb}7UJS$ZcWrGo|d{%w@lN3owR;wpF~SeW0{ep zLi7B=d+FPYs||g_w-ufSo70bcTBy5qdx>%~nPcx`RcTR$?FYzHZHRB`0_z)DEUsD) z(FFD?Qy<|^x!kf+b$OfSgt_AmvXs3c*=Ed=uJww687G2evmRW|Z1vuQB_wei)(vsZ zENbp}LO^Lobuu4Lz4@Ny6HB|+;{d&mrq4OOpE|yNC>I?lnQnd6|CEw^AHT-l?RVev zV7gf!So0WG)1+w>#fSBYO1PRN?6PqsgdRK)+j^mQwDXOMxlShvFQE6R74dku;O=t2 zftrNO8S2qQDMHmjZY;5GIpz-UA>~r@p*^7k&uTbElk|EHr%9)+%AN>wRHl>U>W;mE zXk>hulOdtbp1siN8J|V?AjFGQe0dr1K7}vdyz_bx(PRO)Jba($N@diSU5p)`E47~A z?Tc$;w4ZP1R!yjFTxx&u!Si}QU+SU#V_(jfxiT@|;+hIhFnCVg)ohqh&if@GojiSnY#NN90f!5?%kyPXH*P;g60{0eD#T@f4-{#L`uV;*q87xoY{xO(eeg&DTkS!=Ns@+IA$?oD1FOJPT!UM zD66YQz-3%Kr7Bwen(mbdf70jHg6gHHp0JZxoM z9G*ChJFz1AuEohF3_nnxrqCZ=IT}Rfh~|jBD6rp-?SaSg%(MhYhL79pW=Ax2-B%o6 zpPG#B7Y;%vgGG-i_j_mdiUk7i#Dd%^WwpT zz5G0V;9#CedmRX@XXoeRO4>6>B9V|S5B~jA0!?-8eqlo6aBzga-BB=*zXu0HnE2cK zk+xzGxtQNnuQ9{i)zQxdjCyU$wr*1d(eayiO1=)zCWVM5LfbhnO()mGE`H!Wz_#{A z0*%3w_8^DBW(mLLasTg0)&hG*R|h4J!|qNH9zDB25}|-SIPhrV=XBHzg0Jy^0}Bxr z{}8xtJkS84@mRs}NaX)Sg8f(f!Jr6mESOI$kOBgR0LNqSFd`V16afiGOX1)cB9fGF zfKKQ=R3C#!t>qXgsQ!OSu;1@7pe~f4K7J=028bULVgLaP66lCXfJ;e%XAByS1IVSI zghRv8L>vqxI391$7C403;|wIrJU_5?Gt0Kzpc9B7q32`5D)k#DO*>ru-%j%1M$2VZuTWNQgxc z+0f9S93;}bK!nN zgORR3ZowJJ_)r2h8v?U|W5zwR4rA_Ue|)1}oak(~jfUpE+{^RzsqD}8j9u`wyyDCe zDs-`G$x2j z*|0;zBK%N&MuVErv-VKTSaAZD;s)g`A1Z0Ge;8L=-x)<=(Et2HNYc4Jd6&w^#}E_E z?PqnzSX(q35|bM*p-ih8+xfrzROl*`Kbej+)%aWUqJOWpkn;SG48vmoV3?kfmPb93 z?%{WqA5X|qZZ!lMT*!R2dPql_U3b?xcFPf_V?u(Zv!&sctkT?v@blU)>3-}jAFuB` z&$8N$=Pf#6cr;A6UNyc;?X}Aw-|JaX)$j4Jg9Sql?HYqcSkDhH8&-y>o~LUR-h$1= zIruvAx!N$RH7#}pckb*KIYaSn@GLh&9x<3DVdd4XzPsJiFJ84}=F{&@V`>pJba`DoFPCLFGE%>#s1GW{6l78kkxlJxWQCRx_X2X*Ud9!^hNoYxa~ z=YAGy`mKKcbCJ|L&+B(nlp84{yLP7zbq2IVDVbZhmC>ETTDa2ds?nQslI5w=jc$T?y}k6G5QA@h zy_CzvJY;-=q*gh8-In4r&AAYtf{dR7rxaYfRHXGQXz+BM-7~cvVNyyT)eyy!o~K|u z7x_7szjid_n58w`xvn;O7ORyZWi+9GQTsjly9N3{`AYvi!JCk`{ww`Y4 zM^^@@r*B;iV`YkCB{bLT&>2PhH0%pHJtrMjJvHX~Lw+c{=kyKUpHJ?(a(!w_#~Br4 z?M2$;zy1{FX)<~DhGF7?CbP36+6T^Y{`+0|lP@mo5`XNt=IZ-RSSy%8;^k}3fD@K+ zO3xBGQ>I5F{3VJjsr4>#9pU95-bLd&n=*&dne2Q@z2b1KtO^5`C{4^>nZpu6al?Uy zY>3cD(S7LHg4F$#=zBEdwlZlnH-vc^s;}}th+VLrPYJ2t zC56qW@{iW3-TAuL#S+%;<-aQPNTdH4PL}Pm>0}REESnL__%e?{PQ(Z8krT4QJl4mN z>a0woCf$lLW!6RW2bI6l-{&l?RdUmMUnV5`(m&Wh(u1v?VVC0r(6tFf<7sUg zIi`EV79T@o(n~&YUM5V3eo}wY5_Q{!C$!mIXiC6#&_qy;$x;8Fg~!F-%#Yc^*L~0V za=<71FPt+Tw>Q6el1|1`9MLb{oYY2(R==T_NeFBXjZR+(N`4>sbDR5TUztr9ztzhU zG_aJ{GhWR|%ZGx8?%|@?LRdkq*lebLd%@?`BjOk>eOB8eDA%wsiNHvn7f;&45D!l1 zO<+$*p$BHA`}cYoR7eh{ww^v*oASimH1*gcgiXI@$gzmRP-n;EWt#1A$;r}Rl(B*@ zc^KvRz$A+Mp1CGcWIXm**y@zzWb!?IndpS8e7lD|llX=|uxJP9xpUs^k-nNu-Fi>* zymT6WPJo@a+gu6{ZH!Q!Jmu$VMcqo0JS@R`2Y2Mq_L1qLb0i$i>AN7+KS)G}>tOA}W39@>83+hq5et zY3`pEGNL$m?sz|qq$hjoPeR*?*@Fj&iJS&#I9vb1tZK7us^Y|xY0e(I%dSG-&YkUy z(Zq3C>L1eS(z(eXY|tNigI2q|XtHyrOtO6DhykI0ra&m!0G?@8x;-`8T$j~>V?lLH zvSC4~uq-_D?0n7%`qJfm9wwWdj4+`cRJn>W#qaNBMVg0S_4m)Z7oE*1vd3T*kHu;6 zjxq~m^gpYxT3X3G{__Xo2U!uUS0Jx#PtiQE=vN6lZu=~H2Q!1swXywtD=T4(eKj9)gPWXpyZ`cHAk8OW59 z^UzHZ!zJT5qK?{jmZg~@7Co~ZOLsD@XwEOFY6u=2Z>GN0KX;Fn<2=U_tI6CQxtY4N zlX4Xi)MF#cm+bg6a8nhRZ@g=$wi&~`sCl^av3&{~#XV%=m*j@D)_@udP9bmoQZ9!+ zRd)xQsSmqfFzO1E^IVxh3N&-Gh=i2pMiHg;MMZ39q(lXQ8ow8Wd`V52IC3bW?JaY}B?t#gAtm(@Y+ymeW@E z3gIf8B{_H9Y>SqqLeGOOj*25v%GcZ3QIeq`@-_>x|cnVpXP}^ ztD_|#m>Oy#x>_z`B|7m+jk#EJG%QgMJ1nlCl3?FT;WDAq+u&50#WkS0JD;nQ$JX8~Vk^X2fXzk-OXBah{Ko`0Gm+K8GsLz4Yl$w=Xf^ zeu`)=H?_z%d!4H?7cR`ai%jBe80GL|?$tTA{F=VvaG$#4j@xaudpr~yRk}GeEtMGU zzQ?mnTr<4mKKw}-Zr*b%JloIy{LU0Ik;gZ8MqbMAzZ!8iIiYaRv$?2ivsN`Wk#>ew zRs$4)&Rq=sL-Em!n3--4Z%f7_3UVKEjnH?EICkkBJ~8(iZTz_#bo;FNb&Ja3PGuom z{&B5K@4fhjGY6DtQ48L8QViS|FNv7N&r-^?Y$Jd4b0{IY^Y~lwDC>b~U7^`-*Bji- zMUVH||2(7Mu5;PCNi0HbcYc*Hb!eXwv-b&$hDFC*)nnz`UhpyZx(G1PG1Yd=Am;-c zgZhV9%EuQ}U2;|T_QWvC370mEWv~?A_;IVfggbMW;Bn9L*rc|${Ie`Q0m1qAIvw`( z9LxOv?Z-ArvTTk`K8LNE*C@=NXUTf8N=$XYzWx*%o_VTd+viNbVC|KY5^?yClrvGM z;?E(eW$o#vkOEb~--q{K)A7Q`EDLa`$x^$~4zih2YB*fDvh?zG_H^FJhuwM?rx<;o zmtXUfG7>%d=t}d_laQ>Tef#h6Upc+kYVxdPH~+lacHft#$j-?|9i7-4GyOyRoaHfn zn~Y|wmN__1|3f_Wj2<3U1t0gD-PUi(rj7(<(i+=*^;CIE9ajs_Mu^-HVEx*tLpMxi zwd?U{{C<^_dlgXA7;(9$qdf}a51yLte#}yM`H~@<{qRp0iYit=1g}^N)tgu+I^T}P zx48_dwt`sOTb^2iY`s+&$J)s3m^!7)rtHV`c8lL;X~#6rm`RmNm%-fw1(-(~$y6!& z+2Y!5bE8U<;~ISS=ED*w57_p7;4->+S}f@WjbF}-`pUMqH{X8^kWxX+zs;`<456FS zDXyK!J1&0Ww(`EV1znkAT6~XYuQM|`@1itLyAq!)EoUEcUvV|dNo?u+)6UO7X<3A= zMK|H!R?TN{=(Yaq){9nRdIAT+P{nItsM@va7yNAX(9ItDM^E&(N3yD&UckBOAU{^1 zS&kTrTuMrPvL9(p`|4v(%L-ac_sY5F$M2J$DV_5^^GxgeSMOl5n?Hkhyx#SUo7Z9! z3b$-hZ`gaO8SD5oAgKr5@3sbqGKb%NuF^OE@biAMm-K7d1v+XPw49UX^+9}!M^SI3~xlTpWL2*P?b_|-Ru#mJ(s;lAvI45-F~~P@V>?k{6%$~7~gxi z%GqGEiMEeM1CDi50X!e1O;{tm#8*`)OOyOtM3N|uD!qBhH{r=D%Q(2BY}}{pfv(4w z>W@~mnSIh$B}b_gX;OTLYzd#3~}ZZ-3JJ$@Mo@y2gjqlKx^OkOi_tGLXZdbfe zG_t#LZqLgR1l#TN>9aKc(oT9+wVAI*nv@f%KN)*(pXKH9u-T(_*WKVfO}T<-0>=K@ z-uiBu_@0Cg#@(qqzI1VZuZZNh6J0-^`S`U$Eir5AI~!}onYWuv%~p+Wa0RkncrfVu zz#b~bZeu#fDhL~Q-a$IScw7+qKv|Maldir6I>jg#$T)r8N*Sw^blQR;&sor!L5o1n zo4SMSX*tW--?U)2YRYa<@|)6w!J&W3&xwdgDfkA?(QZ?w`vfgzPCs;j$=X;1$QZ#yD1Szbt-A)t!O$L z11InvIHpkw|5Iky-nk?hhdgL-P4=5}!TXBQ7BTN}rVmca<+#cq%`!BTGwO5wW5=?F z*OxbysuZ6|sxAMl$4s_UHu2Os~ z;GX$OS>P*uc9W5A)!@Vcf4B7`#Th;HZa~sa;V9W=uPh~FV}0+m3{>w_lwq;sq);rZ za@2lcJ(;k-w02Y@Vsf|Mvb^o}AM{`1-c9W7=czP#k#d}!y0u<5FUCSI<#+{U7=lhO z@$1`{Q5x?aj>* zg^V08v?8dCDW17|Fd?yOrITm4UYa-I6bv-_Yo01qU#MBa6Veb`L5C=_8DiO1=sWwH zOA=K0ch861eR7`9{S;%i!3-Y*@OM;O{Fr7eFS!50Co**&?vO%rbQN2CzuUR?RSuhe zQP__Cmiw~Qy#&u_5k5QS!k!!7eO~>2@ZD!B2Z!KOn@q%(ty$ED69&VFj4I%aT8@%- zwBy8#RA*~m>&j97jBCnxWu~Nb-KR+r(k%(ML=5)G>)1zBMT~hk;sr$25Q)VCi(Rm} zkjU}fi?4fA%2cqaF2qn;jA$X(p65FFbT3in%BzEQm~T6e`jMMO>@Bf^cU`mXy9f7a z+Qm*+lg50Jmrh%6$7+$!qVeD-Id0FK^GSZQx0lBjT014G^yOkyD<3UiIO2U>8m8){ z?lynH&#s}gS>;+U1x}9q$X&AAL&3{ZE*gFur>2=B-(mB(RaReAG)<95TrghPggsj| zSHUIRdNEatdbkrD9;!lzhoOSbS;EO>C%NF-gI)%e$19|n&?ZB6=OQRF>BP^O%@a21@EoXGG7jpVZv-p>+S=DHD7D$m#h!z0?+T5KI1;!N95!-FA=F zu4bk3`%zcy$C+L<)bh)YVfna(`o#Ce${27thd0(ozq=yIVVlLe4QG|y9!5MWEu~l) z$9cc7Y{=1&j(1YIohnf><3@Mtd17Y1t@bg&yK!9B^1a#Q-UlAR9ynY~^sMK$%zk3m zrR)9T(6$%(PfIPE;acZ-Izn=fC&8lgTY|(`YIh}OGk!VOdv!q&{X-6-)h$JSKn#LJP}iyjBTri7iz=tKQ2~>9_-*%7Kz~qq;cq3uf2u0uP?sA z+Z~{xp&dZfu%3yJ($Te@zT_}0U}{h#&(9ZIsYPTcFqEP&aM7j1xIYt^ZSi}9&a|q^ zFq=HBuQ~eR7M?RF%K2bjw@C-=@=EIYSmg0}CtLkE4+en~ZL&MjLc*xnA6H#yX|kVAr?^c8!H?P3&1WOgz8% ztRCf`KG=4ZBaY#cTm)U3$x6P?jEI=-%4C^)xafTIe%;Q`lDZ>LNJq7|J*ZWZg4bQspv zWb+?Ad8X>{HJ_+*Gn{CH3$Z(j&tp<@Vy2AdOi<%Md~=*qgLD%6425ET^UhK#J|Q_7 zyvyyccG>Sakc85N5+(VJjM<8zhs%;m2!6NE26%5ucqV_WCqi$*w$UX^^uitg=n z7c%=ETsD1TVx`!c zd54SJvD!+UtLi~nS*y*AMNyl~>{e~Q4PyK23=E5;N>D$im=YhUe1V5eldQgN>@>~z zDa##-oH+!l+kz2dJINX+b_)KD7&s7Y?H~dL+!)r2lv>;aNb#xq?pLB=DyE(+Y3e?< zTEMofUG7OH5phSrq;Q`Q@Abhxmjz@HeU_epnfOb=dx@MrT&zmks7rzRsGGU>v(qAa zrYiCaEBu|4pS!lUG@ShGVvb3atHn(U&FW1oWyzKoOjupLLz@($c$aWR%McZE$384K zBj6-&2K!ri4vjPsK5u&u*z_U?ne$`wipF=8ueV7BZ8FNOT9lX#SI`p1#29`QUF%O+ zs4dyl{9NW<-Jb8Oep>q}DGS|OWk-GLR0TrC;|7e5jP$8HU#*?JbF(e{ljcCP^!X#r zYSvFvY7eW5kD}^j>ra0gSmM~be5>tg8C4^qf04s%x`3utx$z>VyiPQxPPDnic8a&~ zc%aF(x&r=}?=G&&H~6xhW_`@(@&vK`{w81G<7;ZKuHXKkEp*?A<=Es?>#_$`SG3Spi)t6zcXv$HrhPef34OC&CMbnD zPhV|`|f0S;y>uG_eCd>0mn0{{aZk?AYOX(NV zpY^oPzDZr=IJvqFGjd|vCX=#N<9Fje2ZJ{O`yAwUrt8wr9J?|#kJ*?xzkB^(8>d`9N8#1y{?EnBt!Fu;{${bvAHRv+*gfU8Kau#QXBA(?)q zZXc_Q&I*YYODHN!A}pWjg!TvwXqPHaeuqI{gf);Vk!;7E;X{E*`e&ZVaG{476XQ7<_-oR2F6wC} z$!Yx%8~buC8S57+DCWC-+^1l-Tkcb87P!TOmsHopME3GC%SCFI`aF^{J3ka>p3rny zK#+sswP1-}`IC2p$>nF$E-6!vTb%0kE35p*t!weF`0Sjh9c%9yy-ZxeS?BT?2gka= z#ai9S@N;!chL=N0j%k2BSLZxPPJa>~>*s7ViVG>BI z;Hf%r*GR^hw0(M$j<;$jqJU%1`sr1RZQTj(u~a^p4l~Vj$QMNPX1-jxGlfi7QeINx zm6=0Q-}*d{?`oLs&Z(1H!S~*DNEY8$8EkB}>qA^b)jW%#E7GVw+){Usie1O0mgW@n zeXikqdS`CACz}?X36R~f>)s8go7ABNN9`uX=jdwpAFOEFsSu}AbnMao$0wCdkg1!D zWvk}f-?!$(+piVrNbWSJ0@^d)Qx=4Nd~+`85KN`q>_U1BYqIOI6VHB$M9JzIt)r1# z^NUYmk<1C^0#2N6>S)QDj@8YCLOVi^QOo?nfB*Lo*L`Wb#7T z^+Z?U6$jyT4yW*A-05`KChmwfX4wb~Q_@0+aOfc&!AjwH1^S)YClBq-jmp^Jxy`pb z>)r)&wz+=0JKVP6&l=K4Lli}sgKfX9_ALdi{2=GPcgl2=soARai3WaO>%~mMh?qdG zMBVzHC0N<_`KOZB_{G%^u$FCS&Z)qqCALI2)qH*u0fss~hlW=xMt z4Ly5M*08X2(6_V-$zm}#ewQmw@9vTmVq{6~-PH0A^87q2)=e0=RRb3VobuK)P%lo8 zUYUpC%wk3k8#4PddF*EwYj7$VFuOc*dO?RrV`wH>j@DF`%Y1AXM+u2D^VuFr8oaErdujL*t zW^$h{9-LX;R`XTn`zB-Fs_7^7=S>hU>bGM~7d76(_EVyc8aQb`p-+z3vnw^H=D^O% z(|lh31wXp^Y#xZHr8;z+9`-Igq={0O%jbJH)MW7BkQXac$lvq;zuGNYgd0wVE?i#iI$s;uIf??!+5^vc{=$oW<@SUYSTBT z+0y4-d$#9re6T%%eQ<9%SI0=nhi{Az6U;)o#?>nYTuy6Do45|9cr(|N<0vOZCarU; z7#?I5n7_m(ye=XD;eGIors$`;K@)IkMLJ48O{$V=<)x+hs(!b@A^FEHJb4$l<( zl$};u(*1J8){9f{;3-xq+X>fbPMqKH>Fbio%3%!xvuP*%k54={;0Sc%@Cl$`RC#Jk z<5tP4XHhPj6{o*#WHq$zqr_--!snJuu4S%_nOT`Kk6|IV0N!pN7IaS;wuzmZS#7Uu zklJ;xk+K)Zda+DB&b0a|+ivSCMA4Jk@*cE2HGNx^sPil)FUzy4X>pe#naL*Za;Wvv zx0#p!dhdR42uX6U|HoxtRu;CwyC2xk2oTBZ-~~09zALY9J)#MT|FJ)SON?Y?BwGKM|gSwuYA8_pycP`;{?jiAi@{? z?-~HgzQDa7;p-IOc!Gd8?BC%Gz?1*qaE7&5g@3~tKr;y}a0^FC5wV~Xa4Wb;I0LjCg3#^% zemKL{!Wba+MT&U-9W}FlIsU&2W5A%-sNTYOH-<5Q81(hw3n2Xa-|z)2kgoqq_`+|! z{QtujNbc|dKYZc;7`^}`?SD3W0XXYJfert)@C6W=0hH~3BYXkRC{!O_qT z6_oVhU?NE+6F3^$kO7z(pb;v;fK~y~DkPXa2=`bkIlxJ7fuP=+x&s?cQVmBqP?@9> zP?;n=uwTlIV}A_{QnNr4lb~L3aFaEC_sRYbBBqL9+hVt2GGO?+I525kbG2siWaQy+geM6Y!S?gr0v_ zRYI-(dWjN%{Z{t>{Qe5U!48}+frbbr^zUlGF!&YXxLGyK?`lX%U}$Vs5qbfFBLAfZ z;>Is({slrz`3nef=P%&;^EMSve_)pZ3Uyo^*P=2(3*&#IGS_~JW*wG48iU_M@pJX` zP=$VZMp#uEjYK1nQfMilT)>@?7!oanL<)((5GqhT5SA$nVllnkJ^kEW?co6!NsJ^? z9PZ-h=jAJnKpg$&m87T7VbBN!k~;c3fL~=<-^$C;8E$Xqa0E=tuO39!@g>m5$r%Pk zZ^1zD*snhjdxrzxjWhfo7!;TU{lPtc!B7Mw^a1<{lad1QQyXE>>bns}1b3YqU<6X2 z>7V@(fMe>0dY}S+BMu}I1A^oJ><(XyyL1o)ijNTQ|V4&~mx~hWkr4kWz%d zVFVP26Wq|2fCrm`jW7aG+8ba*6o?hw2!rCIH^QXwf6+%IA~(XIPj_Q~C?pzMn4!Oa zzZoPRQU)7fL`ZY}2?N`wzhnro?=N`)K0JTJ2#}Kdvp@9T^M*oWAuYP09v)in|Ab+X zz;%2h42}F7h9mwBgMwB!wk7<+H4mI%^$%0~Iwlj>44(8*ZkVOZzB>{9~c6(R|cp! zd4enaW(VrNUIE^4Xqw8#aD<9epsRzEkvbR}T$%XVdHQ+V`8s(z1pS)%W_>UaLf6UB z)lSLlBO){9WKEXl0C`hJOCOPIkv(C$s0Rw7od0=^n4#nbsyk(7q61 zwp8UB&@|IHOEP#f!TPjeWz|5lMU2y;*vG|XQ+ems{*E~pzWQ_bsH?8mxia5q4Nk(n ztXnKTGyH8`cKydI<1>+GyreG`(b%M2sJk(GXWzGpqB{A2Hz1bP>eq{Q~qc_*4(Vy{>2UW0a^3mCsm@2clKTlxQiN=dNmm6JK@z+S~ zD4x=v=j7@Zs5})kQnwl(e0BZ%epcf<6RMbq$3Z6_f4ec4b2mvv;97j2A$4{E+ULx= zoyCjggAb40IAMOfF6c*p$cwzX#SPzeB8)LbhLl6#7rcMAwWDE-rO^Z2XPS+#-x@kO ze0`sd8DB7zim?a~Vlyr>(vQV|Gw<#a3tj)z_UP->==Do{U4ly!4rb(f@y2a(-W6jK zEavhx>z$uFiN%7h&M93`JYF+s7&h_v{LP*Tx0(AAEE!+r2L|%w^R8%NidzAiU(-q5tBGCW;qyBti$Bz)DnaA=|Kh|S~m#djwL%$Hvt z{1$x_gvqo**I~Al=8>$-|-w*04_DxBcJzB;jvo7EDFpBL`mOef5!P4#2xshz?*4G{bWBZ>q_BCc=iNuyFli5IJH` zrE->27D@=E4Jl5lkDGKHS)EYjG?-N%!ORNiyXb&4;NJu4yrrG=wbyiXFD`YqNkZU(tLs= z{74>iKYya}^=R&u)qP6X-oFc-Zq(45KBvm63KV2}PMaZmcVV31yV@#;!)gL^;ZQs#7oF-NsCFTTmaPxT%Nr*U ztB`jVUH(IDtn+N>z}a3aFG|%52CkBWmN4sj>vG~1{3wwy$Td&>#r<`=c-nKRLTUX*3KHK-VpwP$u)pM^X z_X(NhRh2ymPqeHi>1On&yY2Q}j^|hhdH(=6Q@B;ofJXJ{qP(~G$8v7etP(2htCTST z{`+5&8yMo5>f>+t*@g~sPgk1-=n;o1CdL;#B~&-~Yqwqe>w10N6%F+P;kYbQ6Ft=* z@wYXVE{K)16kX>l8ATlG?=>Y;@e|TIoG&WP{#`DdbR56meBe+Xt8YY!b@-6@nCQqH zi`PiObC;W?@q1{Tj?)~P=)I@PtHVjFXV6-3BU)joEQs;=xbnHY3kfZKG%1Zfy(#t# zVuwGdG)iB!hqq}Y=T}scv*SW}#yD+w@9M|1TAI5MYe3c2%}I6R%ngICyy_N<4}X!r zc1Yt)|2+wfanfFfA;EHe$Gld##1NiuDqo`K7=}U|iAUJc%I&Z-vc*pRL%h^l_iHrn z-(Tc-6&kD|oFLIm^Iqei)ER8Gi45;J*JaysO6B{Mvx6sD+7DI*QW=WHTPEjFTIh$7 z@O1@pw-`28iRRDq4pl7UWBT#~Q(16%ZD4|^imUUutej-r((J6BFDsZbxK&>sZFtf# zOy>5iOZl@A0*@~{;Ce7A-rYD*Lu1dk%%}s%#T=WIac7Nsi$V&SUvLHb$??m=0U8oi3vj%N%uEq+WZCLl;%5_Mx02T}F?q_iwQJv5bF7=X4v%B2)EgqjoZV zx8VA!e(tH<0@By+V9HRNw+l@J2g`-P>6xc;he)Swgoe_4rCg%eMQ)B$*NWZbC21N7 zw(yG%^*~YAxpM6ho{UO*JH>9girurigGjvXdw- zdowa=6p3|k^0Hi4j2Uz&lCgM$oc~U}QH9+9WyVobs(!8j|B*V!GNU=v@AQ)B+t2Bi zi}M`odUf419cK&?+;B0A1YY<0*F?fZGe|BwpZ)A6bDYgLo^>4H8!~k|Gt^1M_sJbi zOmskhq`2?A=s8yMOUe3|(lIAqROIw2o*Ht_MlJO#TP5a%`Pe70<_UJ0&A!7eGIeS` z4%8KEDY*K%yPMjzs(jv}%6b0yRJadK5-%w?O5RoewR>V8d)QaqRvEW*RJCSonwR5F z&)r;Htqy<>$Mj7gLQwB(G&vRR zm#O(yU%rnsLs-P#ppUq)6 zclt%@nTL{vh6Pqs8GZZD6q-KAm75tw9Q91CR9Yx4bpKd)jKA|}X3|0}Qf}HP$f&ef z`%JZ3f2m7=^^F)NUvpFI>O)uQu#3|nZ8A{xueKWh z1W@yqb@B$M`{cmn!MeqDnmCG#K1e10shs^(jtNQ|q}`#hIOH#l83n1ZyHWYjD9msA zo~!{Xi5Nvb`vaCsM1J>2?xX6%YiADF9W$DXQPfalR5D5U?v&bLv{sRbCp8GVGzkC9 zo_|yXEvJ8vbd>%@u|5xpV;&ub)UU!g{GQl?jE<%xF8ktHmBV#!s9p*2r7X9X)UC#j z6bO42X)P5}!^hQFOv^Z5+s24q6?e!zW@UXhB6$vXdj0VDGbfuc@!`fy`JsrKi6A0J zG~1<%{HAs+)t+nfbE0h7zHV%ymMxK@JW(q`jhMi zW?ep;T2E#Nl0ip@U(`{u^K&AcA%KGJW@i>)4D@nQeR~gAp8)7E;$r6u9V7hUsGo-l zRZpNZL#G5tuUBz(c6Nevc%Xq>!BI#o9N_|K>6<5+f2zvK0fpPu*Uum74vvH&paGRO z^?Oki60DXe28V*9#Kn=I6LCqX3#f{Ulb?gHtGBmGCD2sI?&nBo91f1qvpWtZ^5^7W2;%^If5MRqLKpK3>rG;qyE^*2fLU)I&9)qV zAUuB2PSMW+I*j1ac<9*Xt>NT)%*7wv2cvD?5k+If31^LC;7}yK>v{k0QPu=!Lsthy z&to1=&^WqwCkcoG^5DRwvA@%CGYGy(|7|2hSp0+Fmia&vgyv%f7e^xhClc(x+7AXL z3CDuhn3jYj5{{O@!7+FwA>ja?(0!;rMjW-7V>b0ui7b z8lSLe5CH)WfUq!VOdM!KAj&V~pq#*I&`4P50tt}_LK~VIl!HWA7ihT61jB(T5?Vs^ z{kH%R-0T9qIXVu)3Sj<=4Sp@xuN*8H>=z;gtgsR&&|q^NAwKvGRcKBGW&#Wawfd(Q z2q`2IM!5I01H3pMJe`{fVuVc|fcW6|M4&a`3y3GSBmzG`Jn<_Lc;zQgK>V;ZL3k0a zK_3ur{7TTw#gUR=4FRqY5A2ZeU;_|&dC@r%N%F6P{E6}tCm99wJe5VCaM7+m85+esZS0OE(I0y8J|rb_K+dJ+@d?CqYv*~LN#H8C+w3|&q`Z2k$HjZjb zvFgx7vRaPOpAZx%|4<%L!z{&dRQ#jXAk}xS%BjZg3rrim;ykxb8ypYQX;ewO<49{F-hsv@pd^FCpRyv~7NbzuP&fP?N8XAD3@QjC)i(xUtu3#-Zao*0*xGZ2UvICrEPTQ`c=tmMJ1b zd`q%_44;*E?NOG}dq5#h)!jS)v@1+PaX}SvSIp}yjQb)V+uE0|rmJR|O?R%V&YZ_; zW=j}O>s{1(M?C(C`lMV<0B7(H=xu#U{}XyZgl$C+7gq+MM+~9YzK7vU+qI|P?o+I~ z6tZx%PE6J3miyn;eMk1`U7_x>l3_wAvd7;!#K&cV+Kigzh>O;pnCWiCMY7BpmaH96 zf_92u8^?b_2?Msn-*7V0PO?%YAFeZ=-h10^y)!5~t8Zd`n0)T$l`v-d1ZK(BMr|s? zINzp&LE%eMVRf^UuHWTGB3_0U@%(sl&-K7!OBT-XF4kVCL+;CuL)mkixTG7Eb?185(6BM5(v!~5XLqH|e!75hZsnt2cOnPN3CT++uxgAzthma-s1AH@xzFO{U5lA^09rfj7% zDT)s9(AHhytB!u?GIJ>2xjAb%A~K0*<&A81_NSVj^zm%L&(MO>`?apP zO_F5TJ^B*ilO?Y8!1%?yP1&8d#{}$NPu;CBLhtYL@kU(kpyNCB24%;<6_v5FKo{Fs zyJq7-XI@j}ee8a09!Kf_8ONqInAeK&Q0gr0$>7jjw7DpK&u~^b_ozA#? zdt{t~rFMcM-rxt`+LcJ(gdVX2He26q{6|IsXN#@q$R!PvwNOw8pL`Pb@nM zrmn2d%c0xM&T2*z9YO?TmS2~Fy9!Wj^p1|&OHZB{%;cDlLf?SKi&VP&&3kf=^d~k z{YZW21WtzKvdPR#mP;&#OjB#z`d6dgYmJ?jImB&!3aQ3SKVjUf5MN<^>*EonFVy$h z%bzN`X}+rvlo<>N))(_+>7=D`tTtKIGn||6!91SRqL8Jp8nsvmk35Pr8WMbJP~-b#2?Lrq^2ZmNeX!k@xQ zo(g}+)$1%--f$PeXzDTBx}#jf!bDF-bN4^#2t!n#)}6+lmOu}GkQ(Ch)_)-OI=wyo z*weHp<|gSU9wBUoG(t{9m4-Syo~qF3Oh`?Y`mBT%804mt+DK5k2C+&p;!4!D-p zi+VhPE#vDqk+X(;Nzadwz3~w!&`q-;##aZG-ZeXnzaV#{xB2{xe`%OQ?LgHh2G_r< zzZ@MUlMC6n#QL>*M80{!n&(fd0p)CW4-XpD+)6bZkl%n^YiF63!-&Sj>RJ@_=Qr+f zKBus?bg6_@rH3+1Tom`i1r14#M4lR=5c6V9{~_6N z`oodG@X74@XgJHzrw=Nvw&@DfPv+QP+Ff=P{2F<_J6;2Kz*6t1c8~TA+C%z7p+%Hh zmA7WP=PSf2=iT)shvrKJQ}yAwR^@xsS^lowPJ31 zo2%Jjg8Rq{6r}IItICTukGK*LkXIF#&o0ENzafsrY4S`k@MjM_e_*w`o_p%YcjD_N z#(6uCYq$ELxcG0>!iZNIAPtZb<~=wpklkps0TPQg)Id$3u~;&UU$t#G-Zm|IPl6pe zUp>3;1KYp+o=CyV4Q@gEjIJcz=N&NFwc>^To!xQz(&fb5RI~U9u>`i*5BEQ|Ph%meLMDGsZOUv9thZnn^wBFn;4q-#;b1fSp0S@!=MXV>&ODO8 zm4itrq`V*&FQqpT{m#C$Nvv+sE~NfC>grPtb5i{tM}sukMS&}vET7)?#l6+UUOciF zooH*9!#CAsskhqauHIsJkq0GM$Toqdd!BvU9+pqhBqa?y%tV?#>{vz{>_25J{ znILV~@sy=lr5a5WCLfbLADyMr^6t2Suxs}`DqbYcamSt4*5nsR4>dl#Q7L3~c>0wp z!(EMuuw-5AsEE9Bl6}XO6vGwdz4%W)<%#M6J#9nTc+t$Eg`#<#(=-+WnTC@>Iq%SN zf+fq=dLauHoV^oQubF5>6kGVgs@^8r&cMoQnB=5$5AD!MVjLZ2zL(9% zlFnUT_I-gN`ko;hjqb72OK;Fd%e|o6=dEv^DIe=r613%;(#&}0%{!VqtVoIaViG=dzkPFV@TVQFX81pb4^jrdeD2Qqla-$U$d0%)kz_*{x=d#{Rw$>KZ;gt^ywJ zw~W?*6V18@+4Qzxc%-b|ugssiqDlAmF$nMj3Xh$W%Zwjj1FHKECus~DC<`j_p% z`vZm-!-Z4&Dg3YYH`a9gedFDiKnZ2U$G?kfPKHp;YTtc2eeIOU>Dx*NJ3i@1pU~ue z^x--Koih!oQD#nJs+6pK$bE&4JSXARZ*ASnKPZ_FSs&hke!EqlfzfO0)2$n)NdE*5 zn4y+O-$12j!$0`>#?c!usUJPj+Z)ZS8vY6Arj1;9fM#+x5XwkNe`1QXrhK(<_1QXF zQzs|##i{$m=gOCS&OO)s_QfZd=*ExWeQ#)TPE)RU>WRCM5arJ4S0@ zlsPuOT&rjP{>S}PZ>cvjpQy+w(6UY%*I$dLIi8>3_;}6S@j_oho?5(0BkfzE{3o|R zR@bIATDN*eYc1t-%BNqGKzH8mDZQ^=Bz{p1C(Qc}u6#b&Y`SB?aM-b7Hjw+hlreLZ zx5$PvX?aS(GocicT9WHZoScZ9~#6>H!xoq6RsdPgm8N zzA#-W7J;vK4LR43pxQL<3Qq0Qll75mO7zy0Y~HI7b8C#TW{Gof48d~yLe>Y004XQk z+NZg%##)q;$rp`$_I}_w;Az9Dde1}u9Yv-5;UtWGAy;EBMdHh(E;`2aeV=>SzdeX% zyA#(qmHYUO{8N11>^BzX2j~9YVQF@&bc0tQTbT!gz7O=FyVyPSk<0?HDd&9z3&!J; z=xQY~77eP#XOI=6l0Q5Af|U|hF(urB_L{SRGp(j1F;DtFqP9w=$v<(y?pBrECggX- zC5_fhj73L;tYdF)nm3FmcOOw+2-UqE2HmYfhywQ9trSpA(57#IQz@@xE2)1_-*-CK zzea1Z?iROh#o3}Vg?%RkNlNaKGW3!nj%(LY%2`o#HJ_Xo_r%dpkOZ7HD;#%8F$$?} za!vJLauN3vro6?#=}aA*QoweFR*Gq4{_2G9^@XlAb??tdKdYB5WOp_`ah#++@BCS4 z;q+xrLz_2_XP!HF_Pd{9`citg^5(V4^TS;>m@6a;B^>iVNK5>r&hIeO-71_I;McZw zrZ~fgK21ofSsW?Lhn&?^>?OZD&xY&vD@Zfhv6Cp2);elcThAn!mOq_PkD6iBU6ZrD z{+;@B!uT}T5O;j`pZ6=T1JG~qC&Xi7Q2v1tLbTJ@oF+sU!RJeB91J^`>(@4I9+g5cPqQo z?j-c_;b#ig^Gs70^ckZg-i1*+^DGGx+n@R}WN&VcD5YcT*Nh@FB6;rNNsq*;md~6! zFlgR_lh;=ts&7-Qi>Y4~m&`Fl?Wx<-t5PZ-H}~lFN<-uop)6 zUetYiJ-$rl;1GOvhlSX+HjCP3VK8_|rwnY=vZRy~U8msd%qEE@v zX-kQcdX{ukNS{+q+dir`YSPnDod2*YBKa==N)K!)BzlT*x z^M$r}miJ+Xnk%mxFkkl{_a`=s;wrO(_Y~R=RKa~)XjrN0GZ`-OP-*Gz+qmVsV)S}Z zmc#4ng%tk}x7Q{=wRelw>dD5d)I3^?are0{1yk`>bNd+MZ`V}bs$AGdf|Dh7zejX? zBzR52Mctq6>>NY%IQANc@<#uImRaJc7^6=+kY~5*DtHOEl}%M+AMOXnLlww)7%JeL zcPO>u%mKL8Yj6FUQxBx*(Z(Zokx?YMR3eeaOZzelY;h0NjN)?U3hsIy4G5bGHoozB zh3v3?V4#m|XFJ?mb<~eWvf$hszpF<_|}* zp3$IrUvA1ZYiu77J@@gNZu&EH5L5A_{_ut&)n3nyo>s-m`>{FpQ}q2!Px)jfvAhQa z2Sg5DlGZ=q9MRkuH=ZNLW}C;n2WOSq8HPVDC81E0z<$59V#Lvaif2ZtlPp;*yQnw) z0zS9cR_lboy@UhSa((&4K7T!eRXbcv_G;v?%zt9nqvO+mbWeYATe)Q`Tr-lpE2Q95 z3M{VpS&%T(Q<~&_y3dh)SN5e=M_etLO#06GYA=$sDmLIfl~!0OQT^M)MIm*2_~LAg zcUa8bDtD-D%AKr!^?u^blbhs|U=gcj>x7x|GY6ij8IkiSEG0Urx4^9J_a?{V=@G8- ztFG)}7W;7OpU%hFS^Vvpw3p_bh?aS-=n<;KS4uV-tNpYiw{#q@%G{xo_7-F*Ad@pW zV96D%Ag#h=d0Vr=qR-66E$8lDj`FUj0kR#XB$K^@?m`C*Oq3q^Z{(eN^^KCq3o*OH z+;*#Yp|+X-ahJ5I!3kb@1s{Px8ik(s<|@5?edVpV-Cqllu(i<+h|#r1xZ2Fbl=j)90gdp52|+LtTCCti~R?G5l$L?M+<9Sk+Iij-;LvZb4NO^uqDuD$VO3R8m|{? z&kG6btj|<INJR->3NYAE^dWmr(#i-EQN5s2zX)2IpWEnmc zAYZJoJzFOhvyJlX+U$-1)87$%F z_DaFWPhQ{&_e9D;^o)ayq>w&f?2qOzuk9c-d1~pjLOGL)xgZGg% zpzyuIe(v&@_-V<{-z%;Pdt7Q?O1w43e(P1)H|$}qZVy4TZ^0F_X{G)fo#!$!U+I_3 zR;S*rpj^BQ6bi(?&V-&~iBj}Zx&6SIa_LDYQ+G#D2t#Jv3y$8UV3HW6eN3ZK;}7w$ zl*s6^kXo8=NMG$&8X^7>zB5xddwD`$HhX6g-4!m!)_-)kxEHIX$iAT#l$W>BN_Q)E zhn3x}&bN(if7-yXNU|igNQJb-Xr&l#77e1tj>&L}sk4^*6xgpylHC@F65dbLJiTAw z&w+sh!R`zZDB#Ahm8Db@sv*Ir;%BNzL4TKgrmUs+#6}6rnpUM3k!aK%e&f=Ef;`t> z54e0n22tnf@|%ea3RESt`yOCc)Iw#P)I;4UxSyXH^>X$>ap{8q=hPRj?a!LdEW4Ov zl4YObW&}UzPOs+4RF+IzUAaS<5~6TVGDp(@6>`TutROq^3{N)e-*Rl~nL@li_MWi0 z6*eO0$L0^3$4TGpkqFvhmb=v`G2322iyGnM`A}5tKVYG@M6(~4a=CO~e%tWZG$kc1 z^=Oxw@NH1x4;4umHgq2wP;v*m+*?(x+tQvMQxTa!HOe%GFAlG= zajo6#XsaM=Mhva6na!0@v@11V#8fsMj&C^JT4p=TQ+n#8abZIV-{APg4Y?*imT>0B zye>}=YwvFGo_t)W`byS$xYCLy%~d^>G40&EYghY(_N<6`%lH}`STm%R+|18jMV@F5 z5{pM4cT#b;J9e(Hx#`Q);H7IMHq*^cg_3*MG7mo`*2?PexC&oyea~HlroDdqy_Vp8 zL#7imZPpdlwKrsWjj?xvOi~hX2?A=LhU}j zUYP&1cwn&a$46O~G;Jjs8cZ*0V0s0ujM{@~t64Ew&tJBGc$>b$c4lJ_X6*Ey9TsJ` z%J24b4o2J91dp{PRt1he$`52rp$q8i$xNr33P~y+@&~v;96tOE?N%^PI?c zl|FF?Tz0GfVSp>i*2e(stiIqe0Iwpw!@4r+LUR4f-4^O@ofj0oE2^L*hOm6D9r}`g z_*%n+`N0+bG9|f7^I086O)Jb5jNPJl)Vt~Ki^50@8Dv+{f=oOwyI)RAowQ4rBfdkc zC&YY`ESYHEozbHwQ}oU~kv@PPp-WC=r{$~9(!Qvxks_=4U3l_yVJg-?R6y8o?UZi` zqgz26ITPHXdXTJ8Scr>{K{i^W-1m`$*@ck=^Q4wz`~qyWZv@J8E1!(NPOUtjnW02F zWpTF8zoOE_}}&O2AeJ2*C+TzRS!9TC|;Z*Vyzm7+BL(u>y= zyw}xr1LvQXTZu1ns}!tZL{jQo4)N`Y(sSU0J->UFE)4(ZZp@=8N<8zE3r;y%B2>p+ z_#XzxM?C4tuDE8`JdiuEyiTTSb*f;8RoJbXxor^$yWrUd@UD@FJ!S9Q4ju1SPecL7 zo~_HPdZ~Rsc#oyLXfjIwkxi~7sxNnN{mv{hOHpZ6kwcqf;Z(Nk%6QhAhQ5Dbv`Y8fO^;NQTjv60_R&-o zIo%)+EjeyCBeF#G)bz-Mmi_Vx+P6+TGJSkT$rzcw!(4W&zWw>u9Dn(7+zFMYaQ25VZA4rt*;uw z?mDkd6ll73@Fd?(SM`$c3Xy%Fuq^iM%#lvGqH+Hr*V8?vISz-i*qkCxaAZ+oTR5UR z7-XU_^eLZ04uu}o7N|LtC{MjV|IAUYg4pbRUVHp{^QvNqS(b+E?r_*fJa5XH2vIo9 z5N!K(V_-FC{W~#7)mf7rmS(rwCmQ&DZDli2LwpjkB6<5ereGz%7mH=>i7OlLVbAuQ zi&Tb7iTW5c>(izQk9=%3tsGsBH$DY#)+5XaFJ`o5hv$Ig`3jq01V_V9ooLl-+%n)!wd z{+haZc6(bBr7+o#+Ri7cChRw4Xz9J{hLwM0&rL{-Jg=^3`m}n)ue=t?WU(}L??8g? zy;TXs*sARK?AmwY;%ipSI}mWU3N8vb|pM>8lD!{VP-t;0sym z*YsVBSpsz?LTr~MQ)o6uci;dcpFpEGuSo#w;PNQ@($5t^|ssHLsWD={C$CcUXFPjZ*M{`S$klG%+H zrXxp>z7^X+y9Q>$-AxG%qE@%E70#f2KalPZkHMIW8TW=c=9)bU*l<7IBW*{wp=8mT zLLOAo)+O{_TTV)crb?`?jEC}80RP;xEO@T)Vt!_MS?}POtv9>Ck+aMaw$rY0>^T3? z@atl!N?}d>A2Lq|oSJ^D&vw#{%{P#QPPxsN!mWl`*P>D;FF|k5*hXl>g6Kqk((<$1 z18WDe=RZhSc#aCX1@iRzGNE5qU|U$p8C1Dsf>f`2k5%-a=)=;#bf(lx+jCn_K9-uu zmgk7&*}2;)cUk|mqTskzMZ`Mw|e&jBP7AS{vVfp85!6%?|z^^ zBS6HigA*Khgdn_~K-ewteFtV_1R;#q!^s&07ZZxU1UGo#!H971I)2;^ICK;0yLvgo zv63)Eu#>MB9O2~&yz>1|fRew9uM;RcgGgTR-!%}F{eXKv!p|wt$rFy)bgD;qx`GDc zU}R-D*dY+=z;hOc&;)+jzzZHY`2#0rD6SZIZX?X#cmTA6BkTbJaD*f10`v<<90MN0 zARfRKWRh@%2MG5CxPt)z3f?dju>K*y_8omI+y#Ebfzyj|2uY@oBlFR=;e1YKp{{O=l{*U1cfYbhG!xwgMVJ%xi7ohU5u!Udw|5*3} zL8$$5bybEFq7{rF(Lr#-2PI878nO<6k}ez#olrqZ4-OWRP%?(2p#vF!nE@Q35)4Qc z5UoOh*@JM8&5{G0;1&q#ZHhZ^&?MAwgaeUDC;^d47zg%Km=S!0Kz(Nr+Ot`MAojqU z3_^8+Bm_d1aB&O{_=8Y#1pz%!2?k^r;q5Kx!4r=CIT}Ge0^TN6^@3x6P7D&WKoS$6 z-f-|Pm(an#5*x_o&3n*yHGT^2pCkVx;(v}0t_dRiClbCOj%Ks19|-mNSt5vR5IRKY z6O!V%pLlF)4!EC~_yb0O>cD;qe-KPXXaVU1z#2&?2f%SZ2Mz>LDVwk$@ThH;2ucJ& z``aqkpuv7ExEhEE`q@kk4F}>K>h)g<2wnfGs)*YBN{J$X{Sx;7d}jsWUlFegl>SK$bYecsPPkh95krc=UHtvM{iG0xPs zTx45Y6cqTm9VQ8454XY4f36z}jYV#sFA6OV$wcV)53Nub;28b~3#p^M}LyYt5 wVVa)KUT|@MJfw&id3ixwJE3gs8VnA^KV44keEkVqC73#hn&#(M)mMZ4FT#hK;{X5v literal 0 HcmV?d00001 diff --git a/img/label-distribution_orig.pdf b/img/label-distribution_orig.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5696c2931f6aa3aea0ee9dde95513891fb59aeb0 GIT binary patch literal 13837 zcmeHuby!r-+c!ur-K~p&q_7=Gr*wy3Kv-ZAkaAg&Fla;(kq`+%1PL)H6%nOGBoqY; z2}KbxKnVpb-Z_gX#`ArBf6sGW??2CS4Rg+%nYm-`nS17QpCfCfZ@3Yuf`Q4N9)edk zz>shRJjlZjrmhZGwIXdJhrm&w#0IWv7ZFT`tLl-cB>$joa7|4ZInWELNLbatAe?Gs zOC?dsaLjTe!=OMa9KC#PMWRy4lt4HZx`nA)QGz^e$yB&AprdaH`X`4|;i|>~fTr%Z zT<=?M40naA+WL^Zd;_<^am&q}EIs_lo>VxV*7*;1kO)w)B7ja{U=TF~kO1xV04wA` za7SG3z=#qQ8VrZT)U$=F>XXBKJ;^pkfHb(XqmTkaf=Lu|pl8I2-<)5hLI*a5N49(XfJ=P**f&LkX|*io)oL}p z*sFDHX~$Q&r7traFYuq==4HIF>@7=Qv$Xr4uQusRi?1ICS(cr%Jf}5kzE?fUQK~F$ zw=#KN%8nbm=yFTz#tt{J{Mbt+tJ=$kfiEt^o0@#6KXZh1ru^!Q zBgI-xGx>s@ms2#QH)uZYwQ@Zh^YG>6ZMT%qY))cQ5#74?y7=+WJ?pM!*_Ay#G0*dy zWsPn6xs7=(m+GthS-QjSShMP9Z~Sa?RBNMd@R%*klvj1STi7dUh?HG7?w!uSjUK;m z7*O=M&RM|IP$D-u-anS)Lc#a!*%9)5=RlsLShDJQSsQ^qM>A86U0q!2f^Lk;Z|ND& z&Fh3k7(dnGve`G1brhC(-L5^5-9DFEG|ppkut@$?+Tfii=hN$6ZZ;rRRKBp}tlU2= zRC$*x3!Zp%-zJuw1gGg|R?%4W*wF<{f<6 z3_D(UyNi*T-^8lE5$G$>$=H_{94+e8Vc0IW&0W;KZQrIfuNT&@DV(*+wuap_=#ZP& z!gWsZuj{j^`|@1dc&u|;^HBG_rX6?gbbfKhU5>dY8M8rZo?RE_!Z7F6Koh1{ZXhGe z^zv(>x-Xk_gG5|!#5byw%=tSxa^r_wukk4E+!}>b(%{jxM*8pt3qDcOe|X$_w3E#Vm!m!2s(qp{NKoGR5O1ZInmUobyY%X&Y6f>D z-1$zT$dLlemf4ueB92HClQp_XN2qf1)r(rY?>?jViSx#c{=dXsoOU{8}>ZN*Ieq6iRTVD zYPpb}{OR(|VD{l#!86(ULs@f!;upg$+d8AN*%xkeRNkKC2w_ttCUXXG^t*C)%QMH# z2VBpD4fh1MQag=9b5aH@c`jFy0tOHk+xgOkDIoc&VJ)~!w z2v(d#rL7?zt&=GoRLiy;tAF4XCAh-#34!<``zbc#TTWLVTO8}!iS5bR_erworl4)n zplIszbhN>vn}SN9m~+jwC-=q(f}sDvuB{YGT)?Kc)g%4EQo-8I@0@F^5(2%CzTTEC zBj=VEmeJn0&g{6!(4?oX5q~+nEz)zzvG;iEV`AJZhPT4^7Vd|XpADEByjcW8QjAEs z#&+|?iWi4BPZ4d~PI=(RVMAP5o30>3JnQzPMA*$scRTtTG5XgXwyze?XushqHbPFm z-La{+M9lId8w%|(`O%H=`o+aJ$GNqlizA26`Kg>F^zK$TWtx<~-SR$pt+t$ouknVR zcIDahyRyz4I2T8#)kWmP;-4;{thbA36VlA6{ly3~B#bWS?$L`zUHykW(7BTFqsD~b z*+l1^N15SVG6(L=!8t5-V+Tn?nH+?wD0ogMaat6KXYDxKgQJ=DQeE`@y7UiL(9qhddvEYpoI5z>5g+ySO&RYwKH@kVm86LGmo>XFocWTJz$>x@;)1X$wTQ^Py6+N z0vNwOk(zz*fyaRjHLtEjH_DuvYRTOatcdTAnRVY6r@1pDt;Q5}l}jUEMROBlcZD{q zicl=3UIt_AJ>+qVN|Y3kkStsqJ6f0LP@Qz!+a+9+VNFErS_@&QFjLAaI8FC-+*iAd zhbi3xjgMRJObx0%k$ajE~YfZ4t+%TPTV= z3nsmsP3q+$dHUA`-A|_N47Q{7ox}LX_5I1aI_(c-T5p7suBu3ZV9<*}~Z(pa3UCu)~$-YR36+B2j%(!8vg%d#3#td;TA zlv`pK{OzDVEOpW(k_>MGPxD+#Yi%~kj?=KC%n0$JlW|R%aTfj|a9D<6Ozo=dFaa^i z0?8P%ok-e&PFo2HX7i^Tik^k>Y&6ZriqkB{4ld)k{y}h@Vzu#1T6TWDxyyWGr}{kcQcAj3|V8!`~#IE$~);``@9k{X|K*_xsT33jg1K&6VjL#3nYx7D%z z3VQM`*R1?R>{86vTpG-ka+^Z<0F$H5ug$6DrNbXvYMVGBpfs$zFHYzo)Dv%8I$maS{|*0rcu`S|m5fDdfxMZ|RcZ~F``0Y2aocd;{h{LllUIl0u8;3XW#})1Z~h$P zH{`hAp)hdBVNGK`*B|D51- ztE}WEsmeR5{8=;QW23tG8TXbJ8%*;Z@Sv2B&E5?d%pvM}C&L6C>cA(2)1z?toH1yL<`ZbY2SYf$2ltuFOZE`w z^)+OKmZ`Dp`-kZoHt&5F1sGj$XJp$u(t7M z?3;)lY$jWA<0{07HUn#Y^*gDGJSELi_jEWPmYf|O0zI`2%q%vlZ#}X-N@a$wMe#jr zqE{)Hy_sbnPRt%<#vkJn5FdO4+{keMf%zXkj%TVlu|<3n00@-eGV88UlHO2hX!>EZBWJgqwEPpw2U3;T%;uVw zo2jiRS^4$CyzW&SW~^4+(Eegpauv$P_{)T8_Xn#s)g%2cp0j;baF;lp0tiu;2|ZEd zy{}^sA+xNhS0jSe^OsGAvBk1cCEF99&o0`j*R$$u9lvT243~_~lSuG2v0`-G#Stf- zo%GFL>9nl#i)~rxEAq0*U7JAKZ%s!~bUC~GSh&nUrneC(hfhFft&9N6pU3#4*7!6pPK(Thj-ffaY*+eUU!`e86I$P2ckMfABQ!`dIBIew!?_^|Z zlvD#f$By(4)=etyni zDRTJ5@axd$*fyQpKs08h_3>~Y{1T1m|sz5^6 z!QY&W=z25ABfghY#Qcx zq#%6DLD4I|48@}O%Vr~0?m40Bb$?Ux-p_j+$uARgS zZ;|>r!up9hjV1I~t$Z#E^*^W#!faNwqe}`Q)4&^mjQEipLTv#cveDAR-*-nSgaY}H zC=h-V0!MyBa|{9jSOLK^5TK&(>+Ma3z!Ly{IKz<$3|!R*f=8Air0-QVH38D$O9`Pu z-N6wsRfwSOGO)4{i2$Ru5sgK{kvIUZAQ3nM)CE*UpB&;z@eQU1QQ%;lXkZdlY)+z5 zd}*MJ3IYLvCE)M-6=-Tk`bG(b#llrBNC7~Q--Uyz+J<^iX;>G;E_#LQWo0<}dQp9V z)XSI{Fp(8=gZNm{olb}+gaQ#!Lf`Lh0hQK72ScLrC<0|^Mp;|#|k5dRYi z_Mi5HMiSr{FrFA-1q3t!jzi;ML?9NPfPka$SU8%9pd~Ee6M7ESN8^yoIT{bu|F;BN zd5#8kp#=4@lCWrCeh5eb1Pn-^BO(Eg$Afz`3XTQD@le8|;3y&%1`-^H#lf*y&0EuAv-yjs^*=O?c2A>XS$yf_%9Q%4x!&@h~Wdn1FU%E` zQwRi%_Uu~+L>v*!&gBFd!mFhyh1kcheQN4Xm$bCV%(~s5(1*2~YKI^Ppy z7tp9ex$F1E4qEe97CQh;(-8Sph&C9)AJ6{{(nbNPR=ZiOwQ*n@f}`=Z;A{-tQ=f-#oC*yUR)?lc1$=P8d`YaV3C-Dq~#J0gEd}1#xI*c&{yxg@U5h#=u0)w*Nj2uH@Ff8bh zOYX5m_an*lX(U#e7BNb_`#&MgYVaDXGej3(I&%W=`#*59+Kc@gC(shIdf+r{Oaqya ztb@G@_1Y)jnNtcXMy7`MI_LG+or0+{TtH@Kb5zJ`y-MGQHrw-_;`-Ej=8C`HwsEN` z6&OxZn}+6Vwgs+N-Rwam$y8qN}#kw zd986bxf`f`UGI+Q<}EtBq)&$hCrYf&`H#MphdbUqolr#e*vEN zS?Q-F`=(P$-Z{6pCX=k3od+4iy>Igjj2u45i=MnAx?>CPb}fyU#n!0v)}q|z+jdP4 zqikmHfNuM440q{m>(!NWml-!c`XX3*v|vz&9XYq-+!0Iv`J)OBhu<-6>Y``3@?|9b zU~kkD&pT9NRHQ! z1zeucz1|*Cz;5IEAxN*2HLVq1q^eLREA-*IDaR;_Gxyc8!}fZ6*J>f(pp`W`$L?y4 zU+T0IxGH!m@2Hiq$LJRy#zrBk>UyOvmdA(493i*npA_?CyKlg_pAItKAbhV8?bVuG zl-j0~XD71LTtNA(;7#<6Ne6t5S}oi^T$caobvk{<0pYZp?!_t9S!wN*wdJsMrhnWY zycD-S5UZ4VpN)Fr{&?w%lXL8FmYRmg?u*(>g=D3LPo2H9U)TlZT@?SIztt<#-Bdyh@`9h63INw-6yf$=?@(K?U4ovT;XaK4bn{c+Ta{| z^ZB|)?~Ist6;K;Y-Zq_)GOvv;tJY@TDaTlGo{9eslWKrz1G}a(+pX*26SzPu-xy

-4u6XbF3RAoCB&}VCz4rEb2HxMkSMbBBs=CuBpT`g0az!6!oT`wR{K8Zbq89%L zNufyZir4wKu|T7K9t^DYzIc_QzV9!kF7Nfzatt0(9|k-e9aT^9irzO) zVzFWD^AF@hU<_(r#fd+3?7(VS8V$5`>NM?dS-=r;RE;Ctn2LA~34i749k@}Qt|ucf zv-^DWK574G-XhCMX&w-ZH<+KwvC-UMzyB?rp_Ih#Q;w)c;ll%di8q%-T?Z6l%=TN> z6&eO_h%+Y4dKJU^ZO->MeHwZ;%i`%78U2TWSRL{Iw}C(*F+Z7{hSglm_nk9w&uR9ZYKV2`r01lo)~3m_Ov4sDthdmhyV}&5_fM8X0I)9B)p-I zj7Ki?gD2a@9M{duR_kgWn#}F7X`dIW73ke~&Zw97;zk&wHNVCJN=|V7-QK$sYT=}8 zO@?zk779Y)EE#mn=SJPaGcDqpH;JQ0cry-*@yN8~njSFUoT*{_S?T%vk}M2$&jzKC z#VAUJfM0PZt03Iz(nFRKC55#z{2IxdYbaOn4*N#Z9Me0t$!-wk8QxHBUf29=D61|$ z=cq2zxKs2!YHhRq@k`B%yn8<^|Y_c<;JYPp`J{`Bt;!gv2&JtGwM=Y^Smh z^$)R0ml~OeO}5rJcR^?UrfCH0>Dd|F?e=$fPPE~_;_g*?W+|_0h_rFwewmikI3sA~ zi?F_yu*FPLk96y3*Nr2ni{hgf%;Qe`XW5;J3sYz2zEDQ4WZhE{KzgM-&CzPVwZ4N> zE6w!G&MWp;_v+drvi~5I=&+mlFPJL!Og&D_bc5;D zIqc6(70U8mBum+E%us2XG!94>pPBE3CG)2{%04>DaoB26J;APNTX*Bt`}w?Z(=1p< zMtX-V`&W+a5fzCSp4+t!N$=E%bhl55=cDfy;4j|3MeTB1?!nLMrSw`)c`0X|E=qU` zZsu&*@ksEk-fYATF}U~9Bl}^l4#`4$bf%9Ro!LF_Wak9GGbv#loO00WaCBJAqs<(| zTA|D3svoyx9%Z9W9#}thqM6UQC*Q+W?IX7)Rk^$g_pJL|s>#RAO54pI?JPF-?OC63 zHrpTwAGBMeUVB!hYwy;Za2?zG^1i!npE~9#pDRjE*eQ|Af$5M)>fu*ULi1(L?Uvu; zX1bw4{;(DoXVG4_wZ$p<%t7=acM31;XAqtqAf1zNPv~pU9owy~$RFwcap}QA#MjRZ z5*MQF{xCFuzX|<$Xf|3C(;0MFyI%-K>W1{ct?oWNzw{E;MIV=_2Upv;!|J*v&k?1O znH%7b5ZqZtfGYGcR{-TziEjOu~E3YzbC5PV_Z{mM07!xg*@{ z`oLtUD3&qm!FEe;E0mJ(j?QaLwxJJiH~NU%;zAUC?;;dhs(u z`AKJ?KPd2TccDmtT&%Wj^E7iVT`8Wp`TP^Yh@x4BL$f|EFTY$2d$;&BcFt5vudIzh z(&(w7QR1zM@TyKES0g)W!`6edg(igYQ-TQ%=EBdgKLQI*4x|-O?C>R zd4x=EJK@7M18fQ9Cq1%l?R`?7I%vE-uyt~gzU9NFPk)g4Z}+t*@WS6}nXy*goWMg| z-UbsY7g!VHRp4+XbZL9Q?M)=!C0(Z*nXC~NowpQTnrf<1|O?P4%6JPu+vXHf)U+!n;rS9u&h;M`KG>vUFqGW#8rO3XPh$YAG7-CrSxpb!s%Dz^I$Jb1IWLF?&|8WU+{Shfag7f0s=^I08Xh!k|{xO)u2ECj#GDnE2^2e9`K?0*^9|AGAj2x%h*V5mqu5d+Y6H2P22Kkco`W%T^NhyDK@=KtH9rmOeC z|4*1d8ucsY|6j`cE9MX0h+U2KgO^c%VEq`>e}?t19IXBq>!)GG|BLniU$K5*Y5%iW zKR~vjD8PS)^@A`5*wpvh!nc6!PsariB>G0w5CsRI#m`k&Z(ntg%U=xWfI2HK?fW+ms-7fp=mj)X zbx4Kx977I=kv zg6|+!w+Z(0hI^1aw}bIpZm+OPs&ER~8wOS_0t^Hbzx_Zg77J{^8~(iv3RFQqc;L4( zB$zJ15Pm6xTK!fA;;X-w;i0+lOIth!ARE7y;egVADg!sTUuhr^;7yg^>Y)(7(nVm< zASU=re^?|~k$)+}5TUsM{l3eKz~Dff^OrIl62uRGDZ`+l83z5nw?!gRApZ1g8RGXc z1P;WWf2oH;LlX@8eeVx}LqYTZmoh9g-+w8?0YK`PGCUHR^FP7GD<7R8_I5mCR75fSq{FGK>gApX=Ay!QfPF~63fiNDf7 zq6nB(@=_@zUw<-%_Su$kpf^|up~(ssPMe@0XpYmaZG9ujV3I%+Cxl9(P-)W!i6Rp5 MFj-jxOGDWI0TnRpp#T5? literal 0 HcmV?d00001 diff --git a/sciencestuff.sty b/sciencestuff.sty index 5b4f7bc..a2d8554 100644 --- a/sciencestuff.sty +++ b/sciencestuff.sty @@ -57,6 +57,7 @@ \providecommand{\ope}{\textsc{o.p.e.}\xspace} \providecommand{\ode}{\textsc{o.d.e.}\xspace} \providecommand{\dof}{\textsc{d.o.f.}\xspace} +\providecommand{\cicy}{\textsc{CICY}\xspace} \providecommand{\cy}{\textsc{CY}\xspace} \providecommand{\lhs}{\textsc{lhs}\xspace} \providecommand{\rhs}{\textsc{rhs}\xspace} diff --git a/sec/part1/introduction.tex b/sec/part1/introduction.tex index 2c7995e..4a75754 100644 --- a/sec/part1/introduction.tex +++ b/sec/part1/introduction.tex @@ -703,6 +703,7 @@ When considering the full theory $T_{\text{full}} = T + T_{\text{ghost}}$ and $\ \subsection{Extra Dimensions and Compactification} +\label{sec:CYmanifolds} We are ultimately interested in building a consistent phenomenology in the framework of string theory. Any theoretical infrastructure has then to be able to support matter states made of fermions. @@ -881,6 +882,7 @@ Since \cy manifolds have \SU{m} holonomy, the trace part of the coefficients of \subsubsection{Cohomology and Hodge Numbers} +\label{sec:cohomology_hodge} \cy manifolds $M$ of complex dimension $m$ present geometric characteristics of general interest both in pure mathematics and string theory. They can be characterised in different ways. @@ -910,29 +912,29 @@ The cohomology group in this case is $H^{(r,s)}_{\bpd}( M, \C )$ and the relatio \bigoplus\limits_{p = r + s}\, H^{(r,s)}_{\bpd}( M, \C ). \end{equation} -As in the case of Betti numbers, we can define the complex equivalents, the \emph{Hodge numbers}, $h^{r,s} = \dim\limits_{\C} H^{(r,s)}_{\bpd}( M, \C )$ which count the number of harmonic $(r, s)$-forms on $M$. -Notice that in this case $h^{r,s}$ is the complex dimension $\dim\limits_{\C}$ of the cohomology group. +As in the case of Betti numbers, we can define the complex equivalents, the \emph{Hodge numbers}, $\hodge{r}{s} = \dim\limits_{\C} H^{(r,s)}_{\bpd}( M, \C )$ which count the number of harmonic $(r, s)$-forms on $M$. +Notice that in this case $\hodge{r}{s}$ is the complex dimension $\dim\limits_{\C}$ of the cohomology group. For \cy manifolds it is possible to show that the \SU{m} holonomy of $g$ implies that the vector space of $(r, 0)$-forms is \C if $r = 0$ or $r = m$. -Therefore $h^{0,0} = h^{m,0} = 1$, while $h^{r,0} = 0$ if $r \neq 0,\, m$. +Therefore $\hodge{0}{0} = \hodge{m}{0} = 1$, while $\hodge{r}{0} = 0$ if $r \neq 0,\, m$. Exploiting symmetries of the cohomology groups, Hodge numbers are usually collected in \emph{Hodge diamonds}. In string theory we are ultimately interested in \cy manifolds of real dimensions $6$, thus we focus mainly on \cy $3$-folds (i.e.\ having $m = 3$). The diamond in this case is \begin{equation} \mqty{% - & & & h^{0,0} & & & + & & & \hodge{0}{0} & & & \\ - & & h^{1,0} & & h^{0,1} & & + & & \hodge{1}{0} & & \hodge{0}{1} & & \\ - & h^{2,0} & & h^{1,1} & & h^{0,2} & + & \hodge{2}{0} & & \hodge{1}{1} & & \hodge{0}{2} & \\ - h^{3,0} & & h^{2,1} & & h^{1,2} & & h^{0,3} + \hodge{3}{0} & & \hodge{2}{1} & & \hodge{1}{2} & & \hodge{0}{3} \\ - & h^{3,1} & & h^{2,2} & & h^{1,3} & + & \hodge{3}{1} & & \hodge{2}{2} & & \hodge{1}{3} & \\ - & & h^{3,2} & & h^{2,3} & & + & & \hodge{3}{2} & & \hodge{2}{3} & & \\ - & & & h^{3,3} & & & + & & & \hodge{3}{3} & & & } \quad = @@ -942,18 +944,18 @@ The diamond in this case is \\ & & 0 & & 0 & & \\ - & 0 & & h^{1,1} & & 0 & + & 0 & & \hodge{1}{1} & & 0 & \\ - 1 & & h^{2,1} & & h^{2,1} & & 1 + 1 & & \hodge{2}{1} & & \hodge{2}{1} & & 1 \\ - & 0 & & h^{1,1} & & 0 & + & 0 & & \hodge{1}{1} & & 0 & \\ & & 0 & & 0 & & \\ & & & 1 & & & }, \end{equation} -where we used $h^{r,s} = h^{m-r, m-s}$ to stress the fact that the only independent Hodge numbers are $h^{1,1}$ and $h^{2,1}$ for $m = 3$. +where we used $\hodge{r}{s} = h^{m-r, m-s}$ to stress the fact that the only independent Hodge numbers are $\hodge{1}{1}$ and $\hodge{2}{1}$ for $m = 3$. These results will also be the starting point of~\Cref{part:deeplearning} in which the ability to predict the values of the Hodge numbers using \emph{artificial intelligence} is tested. diff --git a/sec/part3/deeplearning.tex b/sec/part3/deeplearning.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e69de29 diff --git a/sec/part3/introduction.tex b/sec/part3/introduction.tex index 0ecb111..96d90c6 100644 --- a/sec/part3/introduction.tex +++ b/sec/part3/introduction.tex @@ -1 +1,242 @@ +In the previous parts we presented mathematical tools for the theoretical interpretation of amplitudes in field theory and string theory. +The ultimate goal of the analysis is to provide some insights on the predictive capabilities of the string theory framework applied to phenomenological data. +As already argued in~\Cref{sec:CYmanifolds} the procedure is however quite challenging as there are different ways to match string theory with the experimental reality, that is there are several different vacuum configurations arising from the compactification of the extra-dimensions. +The investigation of feasible phenomenological models in a string framework has therefore to deal also with computational aspects related to the exploration of the \emph{landscape}~\cite{Douglas:2003:StatisticsStringTheory} of possible vacua. +Unfortunately the number of possibilities is huge (numbers as high as $\num{e272000}$ have been suggested for some models)~\cite{Lerche:1987:ChiralFourdimensionalHeterotic, Douglas:2003:StatisticsStringTheory, Ashok:2004:CountingFluxVacua, Douglas:2004:BasicResultsVacuum, Douglas:2007:FluxCompactification, Taylor:2015:FtheoryGeometryMost, Schellekens:2017:BigNumbersString, Halverson:2017:AlgorithmicUniversalityFtheory, Taylor:2018:ScanningSkeleton4D, Constantin:2019:CountingStringTheory}, the mathematical objects entering the compactifications are complex and typical problems are often NP-complete, NP-hard, or even undecidable~\cite{Denef:2007:ComputationalComplexityLandscape, Halverson:2019:ComputationalComplexityVacua, Ruehle:2020:DataScienceApplications}, making an exhaustive classification impossible. +Additionally, there is no single framework to describe all the possible (flux) compactifications. +As a consequence, each class of models must be studied with different methods. +This has prevented any precise connection to the existing and tested theories (in particular, the \sm of particle physics). + +Until recently the string landscape has been studied using different methods such as analytic computations for simple examples, general statistics, random scans or algorithmic enumerations of possibilities. +This has been a large endeavor of the string community~\cite{Grana:2006:FluxCompactificationsString, Lust:2009:SeeingStringLandscape, Ibanez:2012:StringTheoryParticle, Brennan:2018:StringLandscapeSwampland, Halverson:2018:TASILecturesRemnants, Ruehle:2020:DataScienceApplications}. +The main objective of such studies is to understand what are the generic predictions of string theory. +The first conclusion of these studies is that compactifications giving an effective theory close to the Standard Model are scarce~\cite{Dijkstra:2005:ChiralSupersymmetricStandard, Dijkstra:2005:SupersymmetricStandardModel, Blumenhagen:2005:StatisticsSupersymmetricDbrane, Gmeiner:2006:OneBillionMSSMlike, Douglas:2007:LandscapeIntersectingBrane, Anderson:2014:ComprehensiveScanHeterotic}. +The approach however has limitations mainly given by lack of a general understanding or high computational power required to run the algorithms. + +In reaction to these difficulties and starting with the seminal paper~\cite{Abel:2014:GeneticAlgorithmsSearch} new investigations based on Machine Learning (\ml) appeared in the recent years, focusing on different aspects of the string landscape and of the geometries used in compactifications~\cite{Krefl:2017:MachineLearningCalabiYau, Ruehle:2017:EvolvingNeuralNetworks, He:2017:MachinelearningStringLandscape, Carifio:2017:MachineLearningString, Altman:2019:EstimatingCalabiYauHypersurface, Bull:2018:MachineLearningCICY, Cole:2019:TopologicalDataAnalysis, Klaewer:2019:MachineLearningLine, Mutter:2019:DeepLearningHeterotic, Wang:2018:LearningNonHiggsableGauge, Ashmore:2019:MachineLearningCalabiYau, Brodie:2020:MachineLearningLine, Bull:2019:GettingCICYHigh, Cole:2019:SearchingLandscapeFlux, Faraggi:2020:MachineLearningClassification, Halverson:2019:BranesBrainsExploring, He:2019:DistinguishingEllipticFibrations, Bies:2020:MachineLearningAlgebraic, Bizet:2020:TestingSwamplandConjectures, Halverson:2020:StatisticalPredictionsString, Krippendorf:2020:DetectingSymmetriesNeural, Otsuka:2020:DeepLearningKmeans, Parr:2020:ContrastDataMining, Parr:2020:PredictingOrbifoldOrigin} (see also~\cite{Erbin:2018:GANsGeneratingEFT, Betzler:2020:ConnectingDualitiesMachine, Chen:2020:MachineLearningEtudes, Gan:2017:HolographyDeepLearning, Hashimoto:2018:DeepLearningAdS, Hashimoto:2018:DeepLearningHolographic, Hashimoto:2019:AdSCFTCorrespondence, Tan:2019:DeepLearningHolographic, Akutagawa:2020:DeepLearningAdS, Yan:2020:DeepLearningBlack, Comsa:2019:SupergravityMagicMachine, Krishnan:2020:MachineLearningGauged} for related works and~\cite{Ruehle:2020:DataScienceApplications} for a comprehensive summary of the state of the art). +In fact \ml is definitely adequate when it comes to pattern search or statistical inference starting from large amount of data. +This motivates two main applications to string theory: the systematic exploration of the space of possibilities (if they are not random then \ml should be able to find a pattern) and the deduction of mathematical formulas from the \ml approximation. +The last few years have seen a major uprising of \ml, and more particularly of neural networks (\nn)~\cite{Bengio:2017:DeepLearning, Chollet:2018:DeepLearningPython, Geron:2019:HandsOnMachineLearning}. +This technology is efficient at discovering and predicting patterns and now pervades most fields of applied sciences and of the industry. +One of the most critical places where progress can be expected is in understanding the geometries used to describe string compactifications and this will be the object of study in the following analysis. + +We address the question of computing the Hodge numbers $\hodge{1}{1} \in \N$ and $\hodge{2}{1} \in \N$ for \emph{complete intersection Calabi--Yau} (\cicy) $3$-folds~\cite{Green:1987:CalabiYauManifoldsComplete} using different \ml algorithms. +A \cicy is completely specified by its \emph{configuration matrix} (whose entries are positive integers) which is the basic input of the algorithms. +The \cicy $3$-folds are the simplest manifolds of their kind and they have been well studied. +In particular they have been completely classified and their topological properties computed~\cite{Candelas:1988:CompleteIntersectionCalabiYau, Green:1989:AllHodgeNumbers, Anderson:2017:FibrationsCICYThreefolds}. +For these reasons, they provide an excellent sandbox to test \ml algorithms in a controlled environment. + +The goal is therefore to predict two positive integers from a matrix of positive integers. +This task is complicated by various redundancies in the description (such as an independence in the permutations of lines and columns). +While usual physics application of \ml reduces to feeding a (big) sequential neural network with raw data, real-world applications are built following a more general pipeline~\cite{Geron:2019:HandsOnMachineLearning, Skiena:2017:DataScienceDesign}. +In fact the first task after understanding of the problem would be to perform and exploratory data analysis (\eda) to highlight possible data which may help in getting a result. +After the definition of a validation strategy, feature engineering can be used to improve the baseline computations and improve the design of \ml models. +While the first step is straightforward it is still interesting to notice that computations involved in string geometries (using algebraic topology) are far from standard applications of \ml algorithms, which makes the problem even more interesting. +\eda aims at better understanding the dataset showing how the variables are distributed, correlated, determining if outliers are present, etc. +This analysis naturally leads to designing new variables during \emph{feature engineering} which can be used in addition (or even substitution) of the original data. +Adding derived features by hand may make the data more easily understandable by the \ml algorithms for instance by emphasizing important properties.\footnotemark{} +\footnotetext{% + While one could expect \ml algorithms to generate these features by themselves, this may complicate the learning process. + So in cases where it is straightforward to compute meaningful derived features it is often worth considering them. +} +This phase is followed by \emph{feature selection}, where different set of features are chosen according to the need of each algorithm. +A good validation strategy is also needed to ensure that the predictions appropriately reflect the real values, together with a baseline model, which gives a lower bound on the accuracy together with a working pipeline.\footnotemark{} +\footnotetext{% + For example the original work on this topic~\cite{He:2017:MachinelearningStringLandscape} did not set up a validation strategy and reported the accuracy over both the training and test data. + Correcting this problem leads to an accuracy of $37\%$~\cite{Bull:2018:MachineLearningCICY}. +} +For instance, we find that a simple linear regression using the configuration matrix as input gives \SIrange{43.6}{48.8}{\percent} for \hodge{1}{1} and \SIrange{9.6}{10.4}{\percent} for \hodge{2}{1} using from $20\%$ to $80\%$ of data for training. +Hence any algorithm \emph{must} do better than this to be worth considering. + +In the dataset we use for accomplishing the task there is a finite number of $7890$ \cicy $3$-folds. +Due to the freedom in representing the configuration matrix, two datasets have been constructed: the \emph{original dataset}~\cite{Candelas:1988:CompleteIntersectionCalabiYau, Green:1989:AllHodgeNumbers} and the \emph{favourable dataset}~\cite{Anderson:2017:FibrationsCICYThreefolds}. +Our analysis continues and generalises~\cite{He:2017:MachinelearningStringLandscape, Bull:2018:MachineLearningCICY} at different levels. +For example we compute \hodge{2}{1} which has been ignored in~\cite{He:2017:MachinelearningStringLandscape, Bull:2018:MachineLearningCICY}, where the authors argue that it can be computed from \hodge{1}{1} and from the Euler characteristics (a simple formula exists for the latter). +In our case, we want to push the idea of using \ml to learn about the physics (or the mathematics) of \cy to its very end: we assume that we do not know anything about the mathematics of the \cicy, except that the configuration matrix is sufficient to derive all quantities. +Moreover we have already mentioned that \ml algorithms have rarely been used to derive data in algebraic topology, which can be a difficult task. +Thus getting also \hodge{2}{1} from \ml techniques is an important first step towards using ML for more general problems in string geometries. +Finally regression is also more useful for extrapolating results: a classification approach assumes that we already know all the possible values of the Hodge numbers and has difficulties to predict labels which do not appear in the training set. +This is necessary when we move to a dataset for which not all topological quantities have been computed, for instance CY constructed from the Kreuzer--Skarke list of polytopes~\cite{Kreuzer:2000:CompleteClassificationReflexive}. + +The data analysis and \ml are programmed in Python using standard open-source packages: \texttt{pandas}~\cite{WesMcKinney:2010:DataStructuresStatistical}, \texttt{matplotlib}~\cite{Hunter:2007:Matplotlib2DGraphics}, \texttt{seaborn}~\cite{Waskom:2020:MwaskomSeabornV0}, \texttt{scikit-learn}~\cite{Pedregosa:2011:ScikitlearnMachineLearning}, \texttt{scikit-optimize}~\cite{Head:2020:ScikitoptimizeScikitoptimize}, \texttt{tensorflow}~\cite{Abadi:2015:TensorFlowLargescaleMachine} (and its high level API \emph{Keras}). +The code and its description are available on \href{https://thesfinox.github.io/ml-cicy/}{Github}. + + +\subsection{Complete Intersection Calabi--Yau Manifolds} +\label{sec:data:cy} + +As presented in~\Cref{sec:CYmanifolds}, a \cy $n$-fold is a $n$-dimensional complex manifold $X$ with \SU{n} holonomy (dimension in \R is $2n$). +An equivalent definition is the vanishing of its first Chern class. +A standard reference for the physicist is~\cite{Hubsch:1992:CalabiyauManifoldsBestiary} (see also~\cite{Anderson:2018:TASILecturesGeometric, He:2020:CalabiYauSpacesString} for useful references). +The compactification on a \cy leads to the breaking of large part of the supersymmetry which is phenomenologically more realistic than the very high energy description with intact supersymmetry. + +Calabi--Yau manifolds are characterised by a certain number of topological properties (see~\Cref{sec:cohomology_hodge}), the most salient being the Hodge numbers \hodge{1}{1} and \hodge{2}{1}, counting respectively the Kähler and complex structure deformations, and the Euler characteristics:\footnotemark{} +\footnotetext{% + In full generality, the Hodge numbers \hodge{p}{q} count the numbers of harmonic $\qty(p,\, q)$-forms. +}% +\begin{equation} + \chi = 2 \qty(\hodge{1}{1} - \hodge{2}{1}). + \label{eq:cy:euler} +\end{equation} +Interestingly, topological properties of the manifold directly translates into features of the $4$-dimensional effective action (in particular, the number of fields, the representations and the gauge symmetry)~\cite{Hubsch:1992:CalabiyauManifoldsBestiary, Becker:2006:StringTheoryMTheory}.\footnotemark{} +\footnotetext{% + Another reason for sticking to topological properties is that there is no CY for which the metric is known. + Hence, it is not possible to perform explicitly the Kaluza--Klein reduction in order to derive the $4$-dimensional theory. +}% +In particular, the Hodge numbers count the number of chiral multiplets (in heterotic compactifications) and the number of hyper- and vector multiplets (in type II compactifications): these are related to the number of fermion generations ($3$ in the Standard Model) and is thus an important measure of the distance to the Standard Model. + +The simplest CYs are constructed by considering the complete intersection of hypersurfaces in a product $\cA$ of projective spaces $\mathds{P}^{n_i}$ (called the ambient space)~\cite{Green:1987:CalabiYauManifoldsComplete, Green:1987:PolynomialDeformationsCohomology, Candelas:1988:CompleteIntersectionCalabiYau, Green:1989:AllHodgeNumbers, Anderson:2017:FibrationsCICYThreefolds, Anderson:2018:TASILecturesGeometric}: +\begin{equation} + \cA = \mathds{P}^{n_1} \times \cdots \times \mathds{P}^{n_m}. +\end{equation} +Such hypersurfaces are defined by homogeneous polynomial equations: a Calabi--Yau $X$ is described by the solution to the system of equations, i.e.\ by the intersection of all these surfaces. +The intersection is ``complete'' in the sense that the hypersurface is non-degenerate. + +%%% TODO %%% + +To gain some intuition, consider the case of a single projective space $\mathds{P}^n$ with (homogeneous) coordinates $Z^I$, $I = 0, \ldots, n$. +In this case, a codimension $1$ subspace is obtained by imposing a single homogeneous polynomial equation of degree $a$ on the coordinates +\begin{equation} + \begin{gathered} + p_a(Z^0, \ldots, Z^n) + = P_{I_1 \cdots I_a} Z^{I_1} \cdots Z^{I_a} + = 0, + \\ + p_a(\lambda Z^0, \ldots, \lambda Z^n) = \lambda^a \, p_a(Z^0, \ldots, Z^n). + \end{gathered} +\end{equation} +Each choice of the polynomial coefficients $P_{I_1 \cdots I_a}$ leads to a different manifold. +However, it can be shown that the manifolds are (generically) topologically equivalent. +Since we are interested only in classifying the CY as topological manifolds and not as complex manifolds, the information about $P_{I_1 \cdots I_a}$ can be forgotten and it is sufficient to keep track only on the dimension $n$ of the projective space and of the degree $a$ of the equation. +The resulting hypersurface is denoted equivalently as $[\mathds{P}^n \mid a] = [n \mid a]$. +Finally, $[\mathds{P}^n \mid a]$ is $3$-dimensional if $n = 4$ (the equation reduces the dimension by one), and it is a CY (the “quintic”) if $a = n + 1 = 5$ (this is required for the vanishing of its first Chern class). +The simplest representative of this class if Fermat's quintic defined by the equation +\begin{equation} + \finitesum{I}{0}{4} \qty( Z^I )^5 = 0. +\end{equation} + +This construction can be generalized to include $m$ projective spaces and $k$ equations, which can mix the coordinates of the different spaces. +A CICY $3$-fold $X$ as a topological manifold is completely specified by a \emph{configuration matrix} denoted by the same symbol as the manifold: +\begin{equation} + X = + \left[ + \begin{array}{c|ccc} + \mathds{P}^{n_1} & a_1^1 & \cdots & a_k^1 + \\ + \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots + \\ + \mathds{P}^{n_m} & a_1^m & \cdots & a_k^m + \end{array} + \right] +\end{equation} +where the coefficients $a^r_{\alpha}$ are positive integers and satisfy the following constraints +\begin{equation} + \dim_{\C} X = \finitesum{r}{1}{m} n_r - k = 3, + \qquad + n_r + 1 = \sum_{\alpha=1}^k a_\alpha^r, + \quad + \forall r \in \qty{1,\, 2,\, \dots,\, m}. + \label{eq:cicy-constraints} +\end{equation} +The first relation states that the dimension of the ambient space minus the number of equations equals the dimension of the CY $3$-fold. +The second set of constraints arise from the vanishing of its first Chern class; they imply that the $n_i$ can be recovered from the matrix elements. + +In this case also, two manifolds described by the same configuration matrix but different polynomials are equivalent as real manifold (they are diffeomorphic) -- and thus as topological manifolds --, but they are different as complex manifolds. +Hence, it makes sense to write only the configuration matrix. + +A given topological manifold is not described by a unique configuration matrix. +First, any permutation of the lines and columns leave the intersection unchanged (it amounts to relabelling the projective spaces and equations). +Secondly, two intersections can define the same manifold. +The ambiguity in the line and column permutations is often fixed by imposing some ordering of the coefficients. +Moreover, in most cases, there is an optimal representation of the manifold $X$, called favourable~\cite{Anderson:2017:FibrationsCICYThreefolds}: in such a form, topological properties of $X$ can be more easily derived from the ambient space $\cA$. + + +\subsection{Datasets} +\label{sec:data:datasets} + + +Simple arguments~\cite{Green:1987:CalabiYauManifoldsComplete, Candelas:1988:CompleteIntersectionCalabiYau, Lutken:1988:RecentProgressCalabiYauology} show that the number of CICY is necessarily finite due to the constraints \eqref{eq:cicy-constraints} together with identities between complete intersection manifolds. +The classification of the CICY $3$-folds has been tackled in~\cite{Candelas:1988:CompleteIntersectionCalabiYau}, which established a dataset of $7890$ CICY.\footnotemark{} +\footnotetext{% + However, there are redundancies in this set~\cite{Candelas:1988:CompleteIntersectionCalabiYau, Anderson:2008:MonadBundlesHeterotic, Anderson:2017:FibrationsCICYThreefolds}; this fact will be ignored in this paper. +}% +The topological properties of each of these manifolds have been computed in~\cite{Green:1989:AllHodgeNumbers}. +More recently, a new classification has been performed~\cite{Anderson:2017:FibrationsCICYThreefolds} in order to find the favourable representation of each manifold whenever it is possible. + +Below we show a list of the CICY properties and of their configuration matrices: +\begin{itemize} + \item general properties + \begin{itemize} + \item number of configurations: $7890$ + + \item number of product spaces (block diagonal matrix): $22$ + + \item $h^{11} \in [0, 19]$, $18$ distinct values (\Cref{fig:data:hist-h11}) + + \item $h^{21} \in [0, 101]$, $65$ distinct values (\Cref{fig:data:hist-h21}) + + + \item unique Hodge number combinations: $266$ + \end{itemize} + + \item “original dataset”~\cite{Candelas:1988:CompleteIntersectionCalabiYau, Green:1989:AllHodgeNumbers} + + \begin{itemize} + \item maximal size of the configuration matrices: $12 \times 15$ + + \item number of favourable matrices (excluding product spaces): $4874$ ($\num{61.8}\%$) + + \item number of non-favourable matrices (excluding product spaces): $2994$ + + \item number of different ambient spaces: $235$ + \end{itemize} + + + \item “favourable dataset”~\cite{Anderson:2017:FibrationsCICYThreefolds} + + \begin{itemize} + \item maximal size of the configuration matrices: $15 \times 18$ + + \item number of favourable matrices (excluding product spaces): $7820$ ($\num{99.1}\%$) + + \item number of non-favourable matrices (excluding product spaces): $48$ + + \item number of different ambient spaces: $126$ + \end{itemize} +\end{itemize} + + +\begin{figure}[tbp] + \centering + \begin{subfigure}[c]{.45\linewidth} + \centering + \includegraphics[width=\linewidth, trim={0 0.45in 6in 0}, clip]{img/label-distribution_orig} + \caption{\hodge{1}{1}} + \label{fig:data:hist-h11} + \end{subfigure} + \hfill + \begin{subfigure}[c]{.45\linewidth} + \centering + \includegraphics[width=\linewidth, trim={6in 0.45in 0 0}, clip]{img/label-distribution_orig} + \caption{\hodge{2}{1}} + \label{fig:data:hist-h21} + \end{subfigure} + \caption{Distribution of the Hodge numbers (log scale).} + \label{fig:data:hist-hodge} +\end{figure} + + +The configuration matrix completely encodes the information of the CICY and all topological quantities can be derived from it. +However, the computations are involved and there is often no closed-form expression. +This situation is typical in algebraic geometry, and it can be even worse for some problems, in the sense that it is not even known how to compute the desired quantity (think to the metric of CYs). +For these reasons, it is interesting to study how we can retrieve these properties using ML algorithms. +In the current paper, following~\cite{He:2017:MachinelearningStringLandscape, Bull:2018:MachineLearningCICY}, we focus on the computation of the Hodge numbers with the initial scheme: +\begin{equation} + \text{Input: configuration matrix} + \quad \longrightarrow \quad + \text{Output: Hodge numbers} +\end{equation} +To provide a good test case for the use of ML in context where the mathematical theory is not completely understood, we will make no use of known formulas. + + % vim: ft=tex diff --git a/thesis.bib b/thesis.bib index cb025ac..efc9f83 100644 --- a/thesis.bib +++ b/thesis.bib @@ -1,14 +1,23 @@ @article{::NISTDigitalLibrary, title = {{{NIST}} Digital Library of Mathematical Functions}, - url = {http://dlmf.nist.gov/, Release 1.0.27 of 2020-06-15}, + url = {http://dlmf.nist.gov/, Release 1.0.28 of 2020-09-15}, key = {DLMF} } +@article{Abadi:2015:TensorFlowLargescaleMachine, + title = {{{TensorFlow}}: {{Large}}-Scale Machine Learning on Heterogeneous Systems}, + author = {Abadi, Martín and Agarwal, Ashish and Barham, Paul and Brevdo, Eugene and Chen, Zhifeng and Citro, Craig and Corrado, Greg S. and Davis, Andy and Dean, Jeffrey and Devin, Matthieu and Ghemawat, Sanjay and Goodfellow, Ian and Harp, Andrew and Irving, Geoffrey and Isard, Michael and Jia, Yangqing and Jozefowicz, Rafal and Kaiser, Lukasz and Kudlur, Manjunath and Levenberg, Josh and Mané, Dandelion and Monga, Rajat and Moore, Sherry and Murray, Derek and Olah, Chris and Schuster, Mike and Shlens, Jonathon and Steiner, Benoit and Sutskever, Ilya and Talwar, Kunal and Tucker, Paul and Vanhoucke, Vincent and Vasudevan, Vijay and Viégas, Fernanda and Vinyals, Oriol and Warden, Pete and Wattenberg, Martin and Wicke, Martin and Yu, Yuan and Zheng, Xiaoqiang}, + date = {2015}, + url = {https://www.tensorflow.org/}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/abadi_et_al_2015_tensorflow.pdf}, + keywords = {⛔ No DOI found} +} + @article{Abel:2003:FlavourChangingNeutral, title = {Flavour {{Changing Neutral Currents}} in {{Intersecting Brane Models}}}, author = {Abel, Steven A. and Masip, Manuel and Santiago, Jose}, - date = {2003-04-30}, + date = {2003}, journaltitle = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, shortjournal = {J. High Energy Phys.}, volume = {2003}, @@ -26,7 +35,7 @@ @article{Abel:2005:OneloopYukawasIntersecting, title = {One-Loop {{Yukawas}} on {{Intersecting Branes}}}, author = {Abel, Steven A. and Schofield, Ben W.}, - date = {2005-06-28}, + date = {2005}, journaltitle = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, shortjournal = {J. High Energy Phys.}, volume = {2005}, @@ -44,7 +53,7 @@ @article{Abel:2007:RealisticYukawaCouplings, title = {Realistic {{Yukawa Couplings}} through {{Instantons}} in {{Intersecting Brane Worlds}}}, author = {Abel, Steven A. and Goodsell, Mark D.}, - date = {2007-10-05}, + date = {2007}, journaltitle = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, shortjournal = {J. High Energy Phys.}, volume = {2007}, @@ -56,14 +65,52 @@ eprint = {hep-th/0612110}, eprinttype = {arxiv}, file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/abel_goodsell_2007_realistic_yukawa_couplings_through_instantons_in_intersecting_brane_worlds8.pdf}, + keywords = {⚠️ Invalid DOI}, number = {10} } +@article{Abel:2014:GeneticAlgorithmsSearch, + title = {Genetic Algorithms and the Search for Viable String Vacua}, + author = {Abel, Steven and Rizos, John}, + date = {2014}, + journaltitle = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, + shortjournal = {J. High Energ. Phys.}, + volume = {2014}, + pages = {10}, + issn = {1029-8479}, + doi = {10.1007/JHEP08(2014)010}, + archivePrefix = {arXiv}, + eprint = {1404.7359}, + eprinttype = {arxiv}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/abel_rizos_2014_genetic_algorithms_and_the_search_for_viable_string_vacua5.pdf}, + langid = {english}, + number = {8} +} + +@article{Akutagawa:2020:DeepLearningAdS, + title = {Deep Learning and {{AdS}}/{{QCD}}}, + author = {Akutagawa, Tetsuya and Hashimoto, Koji and Sumimoto, Takayuki}, + date = {2020}, + journaltitle = {Physical Review D}, + shortjournal = {Phys. Rev. D}, + volume = {102}, + pages = {026020}, + issn = {2470-0010, 2470-0029}, + doi = {10.1103/PhysRevD.102.026020}, + archivePrefix = {arXiv}, + eprint = {2005.02636}, + eprinttype = {arxiv}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/akutagawa_et_al_2020_deep_learning_and_ads-qcd4.pdf}, + keywords = {archived}, + langid = {english}, + number = {2} +} + @article{Aldazabal:2000:DBranesSingularitiesBottomUp, title = {D-{{Branes}} at {{Singularities}} : {{A Bottom}}-{{Up Approach}} to the {{String Embedding}} of the {{Standard Model}}}, shorttitle = {D-{{Branes}} at {{Singularities}}}, author = {Aldazabal, Gerardo and Ibanez, Luis E. and Quevedo, Fernando and Uranga, Angel M.}, - date = {2000-08-01}, + date = {2000}, journaltitle = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, shortjournal = {J. High Energy Phys.}, volume = {2000}, @@ -78,27 +125,44 @@ number = {08} } +@article{Altman:2019:EstimatingCalabiYauHypersurface, + title = {Estimating {{Calabi}}-{{Yau}} Hypersurface and Triangulation Counts with Equation Learners}, + author = {Altman, Ross and Carifio, Jonathan and Halverson, James and Nelson, Brent D.}, + date = {2019}, + journaltitle = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, + shortjournal = {J. High Energ. Phys.}, + volume = {2019}, + pages = {186}, + issn = {1029-8479}, + doi = {10.1007/JHEP03(2019)186}, + archivePrefix = {arXiv}, + eprint = {1811.06490}, + eprinttype = {arxiv}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/altman_et_al_2019_estimating_calabi-yau_hypersurface_and_triangulation_counts_with_equation3.pdf}, + langid = {english}, + number = {3} +} + @article{Amati:1987:SuperstringCollisionsPlanckian, title = {Superstring Collisions at Planckian Energies}, author = {Amati, Daniele and Ciafaloni, Marcello and Veneziano, Gabriele}, - date = {1987-10}, + date = {1987}, journaltitle = {Physics Letters B}, shortjournal = {Physics Letters B}, volume = {197}, pages = {81--88}, issn = {03702693}, doi = {10.1016/0370-2693(87)90346-7}, - annotation = {http://web.archive.org/web/20201001155446/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0370269387903467}, file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/amati_et_al_1987_superstring_collisions_at_planckian_energies3.pdf}, keywords = {archived}, langid = {english}, number = {1-2} } -@article{Anastasopoulos:2011:ClosedstringTwistfieldCorrelators, +@online{Anastasopoulos:2011:ClosedstringTwistfieldCorrelators, title = {On Closed-String Twist-Field Correlators and Their Open-String Descendants}, author = {Anastasopoulos, Pascal and Bianchi, Massimo and Richter, Robert}, - date = {2011-10-24}, + date = {2011}, abstract = {In a recent paper we have proposed the possibility that the lightest massive string states could be identified with open strings living at intersections of D-branes forming small angles. In this note, we reconsider the relevant twist-field correlation functions and perform the analysis of the sub-dominant physical poles in the various channels. Our derivation is new in that it is based on the algebraic procedure for the construction of open string models starting from their closed-string `parents' rather than on the stress-tensor method. We also indicate possible generalizations and diverse applications of our approach.}, archivePrefix = {arXiv}, eprint = {1110.5359}, @@ -110,7 +174,7 @@ @article{Anastasopoulos:2012:LightStringyStates, title = {Light Stringy States}, author = {Anastasopoulos, Pascal and Bianchi, Massimo and Richter, Robert}, - date = {2012-03}, + date = {2012}, journaltitle = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, shortjournal = {J. High Energ. Phys.}, volume = {2012}, @@ -128,7 +192,7 @@ @article{Anastasopoulos:2013:ThreeFourpointCorrelators, title = {Three- and {{Four}}-Point Correlators of Excited Bosonic Twist Fields}, author = {Anastasopoulos, Pascal and Goodsell, Mark D. and Richter, Robert}, - date = {2013-10}, + date = {2013}, journaltitle = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, shortjournal = {J. High Energ. Phys.}, volume = {2013}, @@ -143,21 +207,76 @@ number = {10} } -@article{Anderson:2018:TASILecturesGeometric, +@article{Anderson:2008:MonadBundlesHeterotic, + title = {Monad {{Bundles}} in {{Heterotic String Compactifications}}}, + author = {Anderson, Lara B. and He, Yang-Hui and Lukas, Andre}, + date = {2008}, + journaltitle = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, + shortjournal = {J. High Energy Phys.}, + volume = {2008}, + pages = {104--104}, + issn = {1029-8479}, + doi = {10.1088/1126-6708/2008/07/104}, + abstract = {In this paper, we study positive monad vector bundles on complete intersection Calabi-Yau manifolds in the context of E8 x E8 heterotic string compactifications. We show that the class of such bundles, subject to the heterotic anomaly condition, is finite and consists of about 7000 models. We explain how to compute the complete particle spectrum for these models. In particular, we prove the absence of vector-like family anti-family pairs in all cases. We also verify a set of highly non-trivial necessary conditions for the stability of the bundles. A full stability proof will appear in a companion paper. A scan over all models shows that even a few rudimentary physical constraints reduces the number of viable models drastically.}, + archivePrefix = {arXiv}, + eprint = {0805.2875}, + eprinttype = {arxiv}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/anderson_et_al_2008_monad_bundles_in_heterotic_string_compactifications2.pdf;/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/storage/CNAITI5B/0805.html}, + number = {07} +} + +@article{Anderson:2014:ComprehensiveScanHeterotic, + title = {A {{Comprehensive Scan}} for {{Heterotic SU}}(5) {{GUT}} Models}, + author = {Anderson, Lara B. and Constantin, Andrei and Gray, James and Lukas, Andre and Palti, Eran}, + date = {2014}, + journaltitle = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, + shortjournal = {J. High Energ. Phys.}, + volume = {2014}, + pages = {47}, + issn = {1029-8479}, + doi = {10.1007/JHEP01(2014)047}, + archivePrefix = {arXiv}, + eprint = {1307.4787}, + eprinttype = {arxiv}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/anderson_et_al_2014_a_comprehensive_scan_for_heterotic_su(5)_gut_models.pdf}, + langid = {english}, + number = {1} +} + +@article{Anderson:2017:FibrationsCICYThreefolds, + title = {Fibrations in {{CICY}} Threefolds}, + author = {Anderson, Lara B. and Gao, Xin and Gray, James and Lee, Seung-Joo}, + date = {2017}, + journaltitle = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, + shortjournal = {J. High Energ. Phys.}, + volume = {2017}, + pages = {77}, + issn = {1029-8479}, + doi = {10.1007/JHEP10(2017)077}, + archivePrefix = {arXiv}, + eprint = {1708.07907}, + eprinttype = {arxiv}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/anderson_et_al_2017_fibrations_in_cicy_threefolds4.pdf}, + langid = {english}, + number = {10} +} + +@online{Anderson:2018:TASILecturesGeometric, title = {{{TASI Lectures}} on {{Geometric Tools}} for {{String Compactifications}}}, author = {Anderson, Lara B. and Karkheiran, Mohsen}, - date = {2018-04}, + date = {2018}, abstract = {In this work we provide a self-contained and modern introduction to some of the tools, obstacles and open questions arising in string compactifications. Techniques and current progress are illustrated in the context of smooth heterotic string compactifications to 4-dimensions. Progress is described on bounding and enumerating possible string backgrounds and their properties. We provide an overview of constructions, partial classifications, and moduli problems associated to Calabi-Yau manifolds and holomorphic bundles over them.}, archivePrefix = {arXiv}, eprint = {1804.08792}, eprinttype = {arxiv}, - file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/anderson_karkheiran_2018_tasi_lectures_on_geometric_tools_for_string_compactifications.pdf} + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/anderson_karkheiran_2018_tasi_lectures_on_geometric_tools_for_string_compactifications.pdf}, + keywords = {⛔ No DOI found} } @article{Angelantonj:2000:TypeIStringsMagnetised, title = {Type-{{I}} Strings on Magnetised Orbifolds and Brane Transmutation}, author = {Angelantonj, Carlo and Antoniadis, Ignatios and Dudas, Emilian and Sagnotti, Augusto}, - date = {2000-09}, + date = {2000}, journaltitle = {Physics Letters B}, shortjournal = {Physics Letters B}, volume = {489}, @@ -172,10 +291,10 @@ number = {1-2} } -@article{Angelantonj:2002:OpenStrings, +@online{Angelantonj:2002:OpenStrings, title = {Open {{Strings}}}, author = {Angelantonj, Carlo and Sagnotti, Augusto}, - date = {2002-04}, + date = {2002}, doi = {10.1016/s0370-1573(02)00273-9}, abstract = {This review is devoted to open strings, and in particular to the often surprising features of their spectra. It follows and summarizes developments that took place mainly at the University of Rome “Tor Vergata” over the last decade, and centred on world-sheet aspects of the constructions now commonly referred to as “orientifolds”. Our presentation aims to bridge the gap between the world-sheet analysis, that first exhibited many of the novel features of these systems, and their geometric description in terms of extended objects, D-branes and O-planes, contributed by many other colleagues, and most notably by J. Polchinski. We therefore proceed through a number of prototype examples, starting from the bosonic string and moving on to ten-dimensional fermionic strings and their toroidal and orbifold compactifications, in an attempt to guide the reader in a self-contained journey to the more recent developments related to the breaking of supersymmetry.}, archivePrefix = {arXiv}, @@ -184,10 +303,57 @@ file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/angelantonj_sagnotti_2002_open_strings.pdf} } +@online{Arduino:2020:OriginDivergencesTimeDependent, + title = {On the {{Origin}} of {{Divergences}} in {{Time}}-{{Dependent Orbifolds}}}, + author = {Arduino, Andrea and Finotello, Riccardo and Pesando, Igor}, + date = {2020}, + doi = {10.1140/epjc/s10052-020-8010-y}, + abstract = {We consider time-dependent orbifolds in String Theory and we show that divergences are not associated with a gravitational backreaction since they appear in the open string sector too. They are related to the non existence of the underlying effective field theory as in several cases fourth and higher order contact terms do not exist. Since contact terms may arise from the exchange of string massive states, we investigate and show that some three points amplitudes with one massive state in the open string sector are divergent on the time-dependent orbifolds. To check that divergences are associated with the existence of a discrete zero eigenvalue of the Laplacian of the subspace with vanishing volume, we construct the Generalized Null Boost Orbifold where this phenomenon can be turned on and off.}, + archivePrefix = {arXiv}, + eprint = {2002.11306}, + eprinttype = {arxiv}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/arduino_et_al_2020_on_the_origin_of_divergences_in_time-dependent_orbifolds.pdf}, + primaryClass = {gr-qc, physics:hep-th} +} + +@online{Ashmore:2020:MachineLearningCalabiYau, + ids = {Ashmore:2019:MachineLearningCalabiYau}, + title = {Machine Learning {{Calabi}}-{{Yau}} Metrics}, + author = {Ashmore, Anthony and He, Yang-Hui and Ovrut, Burt}, + date = {2020}, + url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.08605}, + urldate = {2020-10-07}, + abstract = {We apply machine learning to the problem of finding numerical Calabi-Yau metrics. Building on Donaldson's algorithm for calculating balanced metrics on K\textbackslash "ahler manifolds, we combine conventional curve fitting and machine-learning techniques to numerically approximate Ricci-flat metrics. We show that machine learning is able to predict the Calabi-Yau metric and quantities associated with it, such as its determinant, having seen only a small sample of training data. Using this in conjunction with a straightforward curve fitting routine, we demonstrate that it is possible to find highly accurate numerical metrics much more quickly than by using Donaldson's algorithm alone, with our new machine-learning algorithm decreasing the time required by between one and two orders of magnitude.}, + archivePrefix = {arXiv}, + eprint = {1910.08605}, + eprinttype = {arxiv}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/ashmore_et_al_2019_machine_learning_calabi-yau_metrics.pdf;/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/ashmore_et_al_2020_machine_learning_calabi-yau_metrics.pdf;/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/storage/GFKCJ822/1910.html}, + keywords = {⛔ No DOI found}, + primaryClass = {hep-th, stat} +} + +@article{Ashok:2004:CountingFluxVacua, + title = {Counting {{Flux Vacua}}}, + author = {Ashok, Sujay K. and Douglas, Michael R.}, + date = {2004}, + journaltitle = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, + shortjournal = {J. High Energy Phys.}, + volume = {2004}, + pages = {060--060}, + issn = {1029-8479}, + doi = {10.1088/1126-6708/2004/01/060}, + archivePrefix = {arXiv}, + eprint = {hep-th/0307049}, + eprinttype = {arxiv}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/ashok_douglas_2004_counting_flux_vacua2.pdf}, + keywords = {archived}, + number = {01} +} + @article{Bachas:2002:NullBraneIntersections, title = {Null {{Brane Intersections}}}, author = {Bachas, Constantin and Hull, Chris}, - date = {2002-12-10}, + date = {2002}, journaltitle = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, shortjournal = {J. High Energy Phys.}, volume = {2002}, @@ -205,7 +371,7 @@ @article{Bachas:2003:RelativisticStringPulse, title = {Relativistic {{String}} in a {{Pulse}}}, author = {Bachas, Constantin}, - date = {2003-06}, + date = {2003}, journaltitle = {Annals of Physics}, shortjournal = {Annals of Physics}, volume = {305}, @@ -220,10 +386,41 @@ number = {2} } +@book{Becker:2006:StringTheoryMTheory, + title = {String {{Theory}} and {{M}}-{{Theory}}: {{A Modern Introduction}}}, + author = {Becker, Katrin and Becker, Melanie and Schwarz, John H.}, + date = {2006}, + publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/becker_et_al_string_theory_and_m-theory.pdf}, + isbn = {978-0-511-25486-4 978-0-521-86069-7}, + langid = {english} +} + +@book{Bengio:2017:DeepLearning, + title = {Deep Learning}, + author = {Bengio, Yoshua and Goodfellow, Ian and Courville, Aaron}, + date = {2017}, + volume = {1}, + publisher = {{MIT press Massachusetts, USA:}}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/bengio_et_al_2017_deep_learning.pdf} +} + +@article{Bergstra:2012:RandomSearchHyperparameter, + title = {Random Search for Hyper-Parameter Optimization}, + author = {Bergstra, James and Bengio, Yoshua}, + date = {2012}, + journaltitle = {Journal of machine learning research}, + volume = {13}, + pages = {281--305}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/bergstra_bengio_2012_random_search_for_hyper-parameter_optimization.pdf}, + issue = {Feb}, + keywords = {⛔ No DOI found} +} + @article{Berkooz:1996:BranesIntersectingAngles, title = {Branes {{Intersecting}} at {{Angles}}}, author = {Berkooz, Micha and Douglas, Michael R. and Leigh, Robert G.}, - date = {1996-11}, + date = {1996}, journaltitle = {Nuclear Physics B}, shortjournal = {Nuclear Physics B}, volume = {480}, @@ -241,7 +438,7 @@ @article{Berkooz:2003:CommentsCosmologicalSingularities, title = {Comments on Cosmological Singularities in String Theory}, author = {Berkooz, Micha and Craps, Ben and Kutasov, David and Rajesh, Govindan}, - date = {2003-03}, + date = {2003}, journaltitle = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, volume = {2003}, pages = {031--031}, @@ -257,7 +454,7 @@ ids = {Pioline:2003:StringsElectricField}, title = {Strings in an Electric Field, and the {{Milne Universe}}}, author = {Berkooz, Micha and Pioline, Boris}, - date = {2003-11-17}, + date = {2003}, journaltitle = {Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics}, shortjournal = {J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys.}, volume = {2003}, @@ -277,7 +474,7 @@ title = {Closed {{Strings}} in {{Misner Space}}: {{Stringy Fuzziness}} with a {{Twist}}}, shorttitle = {Closed {{Strings}} in {{Misner Space}}}, author = {Berkooz, Micha and Durin, Bruno and Pioline, Boris and Reichmann, Dori}, - date = {2004-10-02}, + date = {2004}, journaltitle = {Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics}, shortjournal = {J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys.}, volume = {2004}, @@ -289,13 +486,14 @@ eprint = {hep-th/0407216}, eprinttype = {arxiv}, file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/berkooz_et_al_2004_closed_strings_in_misner_space8.pdf}, + keywords = {⚠️ Invalid DOI}, number = {10} } @article{Berkooz:2007:ShortReviewTime, title = {A {{Short Review}} of {{Time Dependent Solutions}} and {{Space}}-like {{Singularities}} in {{String Theory}}}, author = {Berkooz, Micha and Reichmann, Dori}, - date = {2007-09}, + date = {2007}, journaltitle = {Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements}, shortjournal = {Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements}, volume = {171}, @@ -312,7 +510,7 @@ @article{Bertolini:2006:BraneWorldEffective, title = {Brane World Effective Actions for {{D}}-Branes with Fluxes}, author = {Bertolini, Matteo and Billo, Marco and Lerda, Alberto and Morales, Jose F. and Russo, Rodolfo}, - date = {2006-05}, + date = {2006}, journaltitle = {Nuclear Physics B}, shortjournal = {Nuclear Physics B}, volume = {743}, @@ -327,10 +525,29 @@ number = {1-2} } +@article{Betzler:2020:ConnectingDualitiesMachine, + title = {Connecting {{Dualities}} and {{Machine Learning}}}, + author = {Betzler, Philip and Krippendorf, Sven}, + date = {2020}, + journaltitle = {Fortschritte der Physik}, + shortjournal = {Fortschr. Phys.}, + volume = {68}, + pages = {2000022}, + issn = {0015-8208, 1521-3978}, + doi = {10.1002/prop.202000022}, + archivePrefix = {arXiv}, + eprint = {2002.05169}, + eprinttype = {arxiv}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/betzler_krippendorf_2020_connecting_dualities_and_machine_learning2.pdf}, + keywords = {archived}, + langid = {english}, + number = {5} +} + @article{Bianchi:2005:OpenStoryMagnetic, title = {The Open Story of the Magnetic Fluxes}, author = {Bianchi, Massimo and Trevigne, Elisa}, - date = {2005-08-09}, + date = {2005}, journaltitle = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, shortjournal = {J. High Energy Phys.}, volume = {2005}, @@ -345,26 +562,79 @@ number = {08} } +@online{Bies:2020:MachineLearningAlgebraic, + title = {Machine {{Learning}} and {{Algebraic Approaches}} towards {{Complete Matter Spectra}} in {{4D F}}-Theory}, + author = {Bies, Martin and Cvetic, Mirjam and Donagi, Ron and Lin, Ling and Liu, Muyang and Ruehle, Fabian}, + date = {2020}, + abstract = {Motivated by engineering vector-like (Higgs) pairs in the spectrum of 4d F-theory compactifications, we combine machine learning and algebraic geometry techniques to analyze line bundle cohomologies on families of holomorphic curves. To quantify jumps of these cohomologies, we first generate 1.8 million pairs of line bundles and curves embedded in \$dP\_3\$, for which we compute the cohomologies. A white-box machine learning approach trained on this data provides intuition for jumps due to curve splittings, which we use to construct additional vector-like Higgs-pairs in an F-Theory toy model. We also find that, in order to explain quantitatively the full dataset, further tools from algebraic geometry, in particular Brill--Noether theory, are required. Using these ingredients, we introduce a diagrammatic way to express cohomology jumps across the parameter space of each family of matter curves, which reflects a stratification of the F-theory complex structure moduli space in terms of the vector-like spectrum. Furthermore, these insights provide an algorithmically efficient way to estimate the possible cohomology dimensions across the entire parameter space.}, + archivePrefix = {arXiv}, + eprint = {2007.00009}, + eprinttype = {arxiv}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/bies_et_al_2020_machine_learning_and_algebraic_approaches_towards_complete_matter_spectra_in_4d2.pdf;/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/storage/DZLMDN6C/2007.html}, + keywords = {⛔ No DOI found} +} + +@article{Bizet:2020:TestingSwamplandConjectures, + title = {Testing Swampland Conjectures with Machine Learning}, + author = {Bizet, Nana Cabo and Damian, Cesar and Loaiza-Brito, Oscar and Mayorga Peña, Damián Kaloni and Montañez-Barrera, J. A.}, + date = {2020}, + journaltitle = {The European Physical Journal C}, + shortjournal = {Eur. Phys. J. C}, + volume = {80}, + pages = {766}, + issn = {1434-6044, 1434-6052}, + doi = {10.1140/epjc/s10052-020-8332-9}, + abstract = {Abstract We consider Type IIB compactifications on an isotropic torus \$\$T\^6\$\$ T 6 threaded by geometric and non geometric fluxes. For this particular setup we apply supervised machine learning techniques, namely an artificial neural network coupled to a genetic algorithm, in order to obtain more than sixty thousand flux configurations yielding to a scalar potential with at least one critical point. We observe that both stable AdS vacua with large moduli masses and small vacuum energy as well as unstable dS vacua with small tachyonic mass and large energy are absent, in accordance to the refined de Sitter conjecture. Moreover, by considering a hierarchy among fluxes, we observe that perturbative solutions with small values for the vacuum energy and moduli masses are favored, as well as scenarios in which the lightest modulus mass is much smaller than the corresponding AdS vacuum scale. Finally we apply some results on random matrix theory to conclude that the most probable mass spectrum derived from this string setup is that satisfying the Refined de Sitter and AdS scale conjectures.}, + archivePrefix = {arXiv}, + eprint = {2006.07290}, + eprinttype = {arxiv}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/bizet_et_al_2020_testing_swampland_conjectures_with_machine_learning.pdf}, + langid = {english}, + number = {8} +} + @article{Black:2012:HighEnergyString, title = {High Energy String–Brane Scattering for Massive States}, author = {Black, William and Monni, Cristina}, - date = {2012-06}, + date = {2012}, journaltitle = {Nuclear Physics B}, shortjournal = {Nuclear Physics B}, volume = {859}, pages = {299--320}, issn = {05503213}, doi = {10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2012.02.009}, - annotation = {http://web.archive.org/web/20201001155554/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0550321312000958}, + archivePrefix = {arXiv}, + eprint = {1107.4321}, + eprinttype = {arxiv}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/black_monni_2012_high_energy_string–brane_scattering_for_massive_states.pdf}, keywords = {archived}, langid = {english}, number = {3} } +@article{Blumenhagen:2005:StatisticsSupersymmetricDbrane, + title = {The Statistics of Supersymmetric {{D}}-Brane Models}, + author = {Blumenhagen, Ralph and Gmeiner, Florian and Honecker, Gabriele and Lüst, Dieter and Weigand, Timo}, + date = {2005}, + journaltitle = {Nuclear Physics B}, + shortjournal = {Nuclear Physics B}, + volume = {713}, + pages = {83--135}, + issn = {05503213}, + doi = {10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2005.02.005}, + archivePrefix = {arXiv}, + eprint = {hep-th/0411173}, + eprinttype = {arxiv}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/blumenhagen_et_al_2005_the_statistics_of_supersymmetric_d-brane_models.pdf}, + keywords = {archived}, + langid = {english}, + number = {1-3} +} + @article{Blumenhagen:2007:FourdimensionalStringCompactifications, title = {Four-Dimensional String Compactifications with {{D}}-Branes, Orientifolds and Fluxes}, author = {Blumenhagen, Ralph and Körs, Boris and Lüst, Dieter and Stieberger, Stephan}, - date = {2007-07}, + date = {2007}, journaltitle = {Physics Reports}, volume = {445}, pages = {1--193}, @@ -408,7 +678,7 @@ @article{Bousso:2000:QuantizationFourformFluxes, title = {Quantization of {{Four}}-Form {{Fluxes}} and {{Dynamical Neutralization}} of the {{Cosmological Constant}}}, author = {Bousso, Raphael and Polchinski, Joseph}, - date = {2000-06-04}, + date = {2000}, journaltitle = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, shortjournal = {J. High Energy Phys.}, volume = {2000}, @@ -423,10 +693,47 @@ number = {06} } +@inproceedings{Brennan:2018:StringLandscapeSwampland, + title = {The {{String Landscape}}, the {{Swampland}}, and the {{Missing Corner}}}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of {{Theoretical Advanced Study Institute Summer School}} 2017 "{{Physics}} at the {{Fundamental Frontier}}" — {{PoS}}({{TASI2017}})}, + author = {Brennan, Theodore Daniel and Carta, Federico and Vafa, Cumrun}, + date = {2018}, + pages = {015}, + publisher = {{Sissa Medialab}}, + location = {{Boulder, Colorado}}, + doi = {10.22323/1.305.0015}, + archivePrefix = {arXiv}, + eprint = {1711.00864}, + eprinttype = {arxiv}, + eventtitle = {Theoretical {{Advanced Study Institute Summer School}} 2017 "{{Physics}} at the {{Fundamental Frontier}}"}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/vafa_et_al_2018_the_string_landscape,_the_swampland,_and_the_missing_corner.pdf}, + keywords = {archived}, + langid = {english} +} + +@article{Brodie:2020:MachineLearningLine, + title = {Machine {{Learning Line Bundle Cohomology}}}, + author = {Brodie, Callum R. and Constantin, Andrei and Deen, Rehan and Lukas, Andre}, + date = {2020}, + journaltitle = {Fortschritte der Physik}, + shortjournal = {Fortschr. Phys.}, + volume = {68}, + pages = {1900087}, + issn = {0015-8208, 1521-3978}, + doi = {10.1002/prop.201900087}, + archivePrefix = {arXiv}, + eprint = {1906.08730}, + eprinttype = {arxiv}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/brodie_et_al_2020_machine_learning_line_bundle_cohomology3.pdf}, + keywords = {archived}, + langid = {english}, + number = {1} +} + @article{Brown:1988:NeutralizationCosmologicalConstant, title = {Neutralization of the Cosmological Constant by Membrane Creation}, author = {Brown, David J. and Teitelboim, Claudio}, - date = {1988-02}, + date = {1988}, journaltitle = {Nuclear Physics B}, shortjournal = {Nuclear Physics B}, volume = {297}, @@ -440,10 +747,46 @@ number = {4} } +@article{Bull:2018:MachineLearningCICY, + title = {Machine Learning {{CICY}} Threefolds}, + author = {Bull, Kieran and He, Yang-Hui and Jejjala, Vishnu and Mishra, Challenger}, + date = {2018}, + journaltitle = {Physics Letters B}, + shortjournal = {Physics Letters B}, + volume = {785}, + pages = {65--72}, + issn = {03702693}, + doi = {10.1016/j.physletb.2018.08.008}, + archivePrefix = {arXiv}, + eprint = {1806.03121}, + eprinttype = {arxiv}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/bull_et_al_2018_machine_learning_cicy_threefolds5.pdf}, + keywords = {archived}, + langid = {english} +} + +@article{Bull:2019:GettingCICYHigh, + title = {Getting {{CICY}} High}, + author = {Bull, Kieran and He, Yang-Hui and Jejjala, Vishnu and Mishra, Challenger}, + date = {2019}, + journaltitle = {Physics Letters B}, + shortjournal = {Physics Letters B}, + volume = {795}, + pages = {700--706}, + issn = {03702693}, + doi = {10.1016/j.physletb.2019.06.067}, + archivePrefix = {arXiv}, + eprint = {1903.03113}, + eprinttype = {arxiv}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/bull_et_al_2019_getting_cicy_high3.pdf}, + keywords = {archived}, + langid = {english} +} + @article{Burwick:1991:GeneralYukawaCouplings, title = {General {{Yukawa}} Couplings of Strings on Orbifolds}, author = {Burwick, Thomas T. and Kaiser, Ralf K. and Müller, H. F.}, - date = {1991-05}, + date = {1991}, journaltitle = {Nuclear Physics B}, shortjournal = {Nuclear Physics B}, volume = {355}, @@ -457,6 +800,14 @@ number = {3} } +@online{Caffo::DataScienceSpecialization, + title = {Data {{Science Specialization}}}, + author = {Caffo, Brian and Leek, Jeff and Peng, Roger D.}, + journaltitle = {Coursera}, + url = {https://www.coursera.org/specializations/jhu-data-science}, + keywords = {⛔ No DOI found} +} + @inproceedings{Calabi:1957:KahlerManifoldsVanishing, title = {On {{Kähler}} Manifolds with Vanishing Canonical Class}, booktitle = {Algebraic Geometry and Topology. {{A}} Symposium in Honor of {{S}}. {{Lefschetz}}}, @@ -471,7 +822,7 @@ @article{Candelas:1985:VacuumConfigurationsSuperstrings, title = {Vacuum Configurations for Superstrings}, author = {Candelas, Philip and Horowitz, Gary T. and Strominger, Andrew and Witten, Edward}, - date = {1985-01}, + date = {1985}, journaltitle = {Nuclear Physics B}, shortjournal = {Nuclear Physics B}, volume = {258}, @@ -484,23 +835,67 @@ langid = {english} } -@article{CaramelloJr:2019:IntroductionOrbifolds, +@article{Candelas:1988:CompleteIntersectionCalabiYau, + title = {Complete Intersection {{Calabi}}-{{Yau}} Manifolds}, + author = {Candelas, Philip and Dale, A. M. and Lütken, Carsten Andrew and Schimmrigk, Rolf}, + date = {1988}, + journaltitle = {Nuclear Physics B}, + shortjournal = {Nuclear Physics B}, + volume = {298}, + pages = {493--525}, + issn = {05503213}, + doi = {10.1016/0550-3213(88)90352-5}, + annotation = {http://web.archive.org/web/20201007122008/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0550321388903525}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/candelas_et_al_1988_complete_intersection_calabi-yau_manifolds3.pdf}, + keywords = {archived}, + langid = {english}, + number = {3} +} + +@online{CaramelloJr:2019:IntroductionOrbifolds, title = {Introduction to Orbifolds}, author = {Caramello Jr, Francisco C.}, - date = {2019-11-17}, + date = {2019}, abstract = {We introduce orbifolds from the classical point of view, using charts, and present orbifold versions of elementary objects from Algebraic Topology -- such as the fundamental group, coverings and Euler characteristic -- Differential Topology/Geometry -- including orbibundles, differential forms, integration and (equivariant) De Rham cohomology -- and Riemannian Geometry, surveying generalizations of classical theorems to this setting.}, archivePrefix = {arXiv}, eprint = {1909.08699}, eprinttype = {arxiv}, file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/caramello_jr_2019_introduction_to_orbifolds.pdf;/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/storage/N6FSCMLT/1909.html}, - keywords = {⛔ No DOI found}, - primaryClass = {math} + keywords = {⛔ No DOI found} +} + +@article{Carifio:2017:MachineLearningString, + title = {Machine Learning in the String Landscape}, + author = {Carifio, Jonathan and Halverson, James and Krioukov, Dmitri and Nelson, Brent D.}, + date = {2017}, + journaltitle = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, + shortjournal = {J. High Energ. Phys.}, + volume = {2017}, + pages = {157}, + issn = {1029-8479}, + doi = {10.1007/JHEP09(2017)157}, + archivePrefix = {arXiv}, + eprint = {1707.00655}, + eprinttype = {arxiv}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/carifio_et_al_2017_machine_learning_in_the_string_landscape5.pdf}, + langid = {english}, + number = {9} +} + +@inproceedings{Caruana:2006:EmpiricalComparisonSupervised, + title = {An Empirical Comparison of Supervised Learning Algorithms}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on {{Machine}} Learning}, + author = {Caruana, Rich and Niculescu-Mizil, Alexandru}, + date = {2006}, + pages = {161--168}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/caruana_niculescu-mizil_2006_an_empirical_comparison_of_supervised_learning_algorithms.pdf}, + keywords = {⛔ No DOI found} } @article{Chamoun:2004:FermionMassesMixing, title = {Fermion Masses and Mixing in Intersecting Brane Scenarios}, author = {Chamoun, Nidal and Khalil, Shaaban and Lashin, Elsayed}, - date = {2004-05-26}, + date = {2004}, journaltitle = {Physical Review D}, shortjournal = {Phys. Rev. D}, volume = {69}, @@ -519,7 +914,7 @@ @article{Chen:2008:RealisticWorldIntersecting, title = {A {{Realistic World}} from {{Intersecting D6}}-{{Branes}}}, author = {Chen, Ching-Ming and Li, Tianjun and Mayes, van Eric and Nanopoulos, Dimitri V.}, - date = {2008-07}, + date = {2008}, journaltitle = {Physics Letters B}, shortjournal = {Physics Letters B}, volume = {665}, @@ -537,7 +932,7 @@ @article{Chen:2008:RealisticYukawaTextures, title = {Realistic {{Yukawa Textures}} and {{SUSY Spectra}} from {{Intersecting Branes}}}, author = {Chen, Ching-Ming and Li, Tianjun and Mayes, van Eric and Nanopoulos, Dimitri V.}, - date = {2008-06-20}, + date = {2008}, journaltitle = {Physical Review D}, shortjournal = {Phys. Rev. D}, volume = {77}, @@ -552,15 +947,115 @@ number = {12} } -@article{Cleaver:2007:SearchMinimalSupersymmetric, +@online{Chen:2020:MachineLearningEtudes, + title = {Machine {{Learning Etudes}} in {{Conformal Field Theories}}}, + author = {Chen, Heng-Yu and He, Yang-Hui and Lal, Shailesh and Zaz, M. Zaid}, + date = {2020}, + abstract = {We demonstrate that various aspects of Conformal Field Theory are amenable to machine learning. Relatively modest feed-forward neural networks are able to distinguish between scale and conformal invariance of a three-point function and identify a crossing-symmetric four-point function to nearly a hundred percent accuracy. Furthermore, neural networks are also able to identify conformal blocks appearing in a putative CFT four-point function and predict the values of the corresponding OPE coefficients. Neural networks also successfully classify primary operators by their quantum numbers under discrete symmetries in the CFT from examining OPE data. We also demonstrate that neural networks are able to learn the available OPE data for scalar correlation function in the 3d Ising model and predict the twists of higher-spin operators that appear in scalar OPE channels by regression.}, + archivePrefix = {arXiv}, + eprint = {2006.16114}, + eprinttype = {arxiv}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/chen_et_al_2020_machine_learning_etudes_in_conformal_field_theories.pdf;/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/storage/PGR2JCWQ/2006.html}, + keywords = {⛔ No DOI found} +} + +@book{Chollet:2018:DeepLearningPython, + title = {Deep {{Learning}} with {{Python}}}, + author = {Chollet, François}, + date = {2018}, + publisher = {{Manning Publications Co}}, + location = {{Shelter Island, New York}}, + url = {https://www.manning.com/books/deep-learning-with-python#toc}, + abstract = {Deep Learning with Python introduces the field of deep learning using the Python language and the powerful Keras library. Written by Keras creator and Google AI researcher François Chollet, this book builds your understanding through intuitive explanations and practical examples. You'll explore challenging concepts and practice with applications in computer vision, natural-language processing, and generative models. By the time you finish, you'll have the knowledge and hands-on skills to apply deep learning in your own projects.}, + annotation = {OCLC: ocn982650571}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/chollet_2018_deep_learning_with_python.pdf}, + isbn = {978-1-61729-443-3}, + langid = {english}, + pagetotal = {361} +} + +@online{Cleaver:2007:SearchMinimalSupersymmetric, title = {In {{Search}} of the ({{Minimal Supersymmetric}}) {{Standard Model String}}}, author = {Cleaver, Gerald B.}, - date = {2007-03}, + date = {2007}, abstract = {This paper summarizes several developments in string-derived (Minimal Supersymmetric) Standard Models. Part one reviews the first string model containing solely the three generations of the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model and a single pair of Higgs as the matter in the observable sector of the low energy effective field theory. This model was constructed by Cleaver, Faraggi, and Nanopoulos in the Z\_2 x Z\_2 free fermionic formulation of weak coupled heterotic strings. Part two examines a representative collection of string/brane-derived MSSMs that followed. These additional models were obtained from various construction methods, including weak coupled Z\_6 heterotic orbifolds, strong coupled heterotic on elliptically fibered Calabi-Yau's, Type IIB orientifolds with magnetic charged branes, and Type IIA orientifolds with intersecting branes (duals of the Type IIB). Phenomenology of the models is compared. To appear in String Theory Research Progress, Ferenc N. Balogh, editor., (ISBN 978-1-60456-075-6), Nova Science Publishers, Inc.\vphantom\{\}}, archivePrefix = {arXiv}, eprint = {hep-ph/0703027}, eprinttype = {arxiv}, - file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/cleaver_2007_in_search_of_the_(minimal_supersymmetric)_standard_model_string.pdf} + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/cleaver_2007_in_search_of_the_(minimal_supersymmetric)_standard_model_string.pdf}, + keywords = {⛔ No DOI found} +} + +@article{Cole:2019:SearchingLandscapeFlux, + title = {Searching the Landscape of Flux Vacua with Genetic Algorithms}, + author = {Cole, Alex and Schachner, Andreas and Shiu, Gary}, + date = {2019}, + journaltitle = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, + shortjournal = {J. High Energ. Phys.}, + volume = {2019}, + pages = {45}, + issn = {1029-8479}, + doi = {10.1007/JHEP11(2019)045}, + archivePrefix = {arXiv}, + eprint = {1907.10072}, + eprinttype = {arxiv}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/cole_et_al_2019_searching_the_landscape_of_flux_vacua_with_genetic_algorithms2.pdf}, + langid = {english}, + number = {11} +} + +@article{Cole:2019:TopologicalDataAnalysis, + title = {Topological Data Analysis for the String Landscape}, + author = {Cole, Alex and Shiu, Gary}, + date = {2019}, + journaltitle = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, + shortjournal = {J. High Energ. Phys.}, + volume = {2019}, + pages = {54}, + issn = {1029-8479}, + doi = {10.1007/JHEP03(2019)054}, + archivePrefix = {arXiv}, + eprint = {1812.06960}, + eprinttype = {arxiv}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/cole_shiu_2019_topological_data_analysis_for_the_string_landscape2.pdf}, + langid = {english}, + number = {3} +} + +@article{Comsa:2019:SupergravityMagicMachine, + title = {{{SO}}(8) Supergravity and the Magic of Machine Learning}, + author = {Comsa, Iulia M. and Firsching, Moritz and Fischbacher, Thomas}, + date = {2019-08}, + journaltitle = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, + shortjournal = {J. High Energ. Phys.}, + volume = {2019}, + pages = {57}, + issn = {1029-8479}, + doi = {10.1007/JHEP08(2019)057}, + archivePrefix = {arXiv}, + eprint = {1906.00207}, + eprinttype = {arxiv}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/comsa_et_al_2019_so(8)_supergravity_and_the_magic_of_machine_learning3.pdf}, + langid = {english}, + number = {8} +} + +@article{Constantin:2019:CountingStringTheory, + title = {Counting String Theory Standard Models}, + author = {Constantin, Andrei and He, Yang-Hui and Lukas, Andre}, + date = {2019-05}, + journaltitle = {Physics Letters B}, + shortjournal = {Physics Letters B}, + volume = {792}, + pages = {258--262}, + issn = {03702693}, + doi = {10.1016/j.physletb.2019.03.048}, + archivePrefix = {arXiv}, + eprint = {1810.00444}, + eprinttype = {arxiv}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/constantin_et_al_2019_counting_string_theory_standard_models2.pdf}, + keywords = {archived}, + langid = {english} } @article{Cornalba:2002:NewCosmologicalScenario, @@ -600,6 +1095,19 @@ number = {2-3} } +@article{Cortes:1995:SupportvectorNetworks, + title = {Support-Vector Networks}, + author = {Cortes, Corinna and Vapnik, Vladimir}, + date = {1995}, + journaltitle = {Machine learning}, + volume = {20}, + pages = {273--297}, + publisher = {{Springer}}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/cortes_vapnik_1995_support-vector_networks.pdf}, + keywords = {❓ Multiple DOI}, + number = {3} +} + @article{Craps:2002:StringPropagationPresence, ids = {Craps:2002:StringPropagationPresencea}, title = {String {{Propagation}} in the {{Presence}} of {{Cosmological Singularities}}}, @@ -726,6 +1234,7 @@ eprint = {hep-th/0007235}, eprinttype = {arxiv}, file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/david_2000_tachyon_condensation_in_the_d0-d4_system.pdf}, + keywords = {⚠️ Invalid DOI}, number = {10} } @@ -780,9 +1289,29 @@ number = {15} } +@article{Denef:2007:ComputationalComplexityLandscape, + title = {Computational Complexity of the Landscape: {{Part I}}}, + shorttitle = {Computational Complexity of the Landscape}, + author = {Denef, Frederik and Douglas, Michael R.}, + date = {2007-05}, + journaltitle = {Annals of Physics}, + shortjournal = {Annals of Physics}, + volume = {322}, + pages = {1096--1142}, + issn = {00034916}, + doi = {10.1016/j.aop.2006.07.013}, + archivePrefix = {arXiv}, + eprint = {hep-th/0602072}, + eprinttype = {arxiv}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/denef_douglas_2007_computational_complexity_of_the_landscape.pdf}, + keywords = {archived}, + langid = {english}, + number = {5} +} + @article{DiBartolomeo:1990:GeneralPropertiesVertices, title = {General Properties of Vertices with Two {{Ramond}} or Twisted States}, - author = {Di Bartolomeo, N. and Di Vecchia, P. and Guatieri, R.}, + author = {Di Bartolomeo, Nicola and Di Vecchia, Paolo and Guatieri, R.}, date = {1990-12}, journaltitle = {Nuclear Physics B}, shortjournal = {Nuclear Physics B}, @@ -790,7 +1319,6 @@ pages = {651--686}, issn = {05503213}, doi = {10.1016/0550-3213(90)90379-R}, - annotation = {http://web.archive.org/web/20200924084012/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/055032139090379R}, keywords = {archived}, langid = {english}, number = {3} @@ -809,9 +1337,47 @@ series = {Graduate {{Texts}} in {{Contemporary Physics}}} } +@article{Dijkstra:2005:ChiralSupersymmetricStandard, + title = {Chiral Supersymmetric {{Standard Model}} Spectra from Orientifolds of {{Gepner}} Models}, + author = {Dijkstra, T. P. T. and Huiszoon, Lennaert R. and Schellekens, A. N.}, + date = {2005-03}, + journaltitle = {Physics Letters B}, + shortjournal = {Physics Letters B}, + volume = {609}, + pages = {408--417}, + issn = {03702693}, + doi = {10.1016/j.physletb.2004.04.094}, + archivePrefix = {arXiv}, + eprint = {hep-th/0403196}, + eprinttype = {arxiv}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/dijkstra_et_al_2005_chiral_supersymmetric_standard_model_spectra_from_orientifolds_of_gepner_models.pdf}, + keywords = {archived}, + langid = {english}, + number = {3-4} +} + +@article{Dijkstra:2005:SupersymmetricStandardModel, + title = {Supersymmetric Standard Model Spectra from {{RCFT}} Orientifolds}, + author = {Dijkstra, T. P. T. and Huiszoon, Lennaert R. and Schellekens, A. N.}, + date = {2005-03}, + journaltitle = {Nuclear Physics B}, + shortjournal = {Nuclear Physics B}, + volume = {710}, + pages = {3--57}, + issn = {05503213}, + doi = {10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2004.12.032}, + archivePrefix = {arXiv}, + eprint = {hep-th/0411129}, + eprinttype = {arxiv}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/dijkstra_et_al_2005_supersymmetric_standard_model_spectra_from_rcft_orientifolds.pdf}, + keywords = {archived}, + langid = {english}, + number = {1-2} +} + @article{DiVecchia:1990:VertexIncludingEmission, title = {A Vertex Including Emission of Spin Fields}, - author = {Di Vecchia, P. and Madsen, R. and Hornfeck, K. and Roland, K.O.}, + author = {Di Vecchia, Paolo and Madsen, R. and Hornfeck, Klaus and Roland, Kaj}, date = {1990-01}, journaltitle = {Physics Letters B}, shortjournal = {Physics Letters B}, @@ -951,6 +1517,90 @@ number = {2} } +@article{Douglas:2003:StatisticsStringTheory, + title = {The Statistics of String/{{M}} Theory Vacua}, + author = {Douglas, Michael R.}, + date = {2003}, + journaltitle = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, + shortjournal = {J. High Energy Phys.}, + volume = {2003}, + pages = {046--046}, + issn = {1029-8479}, + doi = {10.1088/1126-6708/2003/05/046}, + abstract = {We discuss systematic approaches to the classification of string/M theory vacua, and physical questions this might help us resolve. To this end, we initiate the study of ensembles of effective Lagrangians, which can be used to precisely study the predictive power of string theory, and in simple examples can lead to universality results. Using these ideas, we outline an approach to estimating the number of vacua of string/M theory which can realize the Standard Model.}, + archivePrefix = {arXiv}, + eprint = {hep-th/0303194}, + eprinttype = {arxiv}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/douglas_2003_the_statistics_of_string-m_theory_vacua2.pdf;/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/storage/RYERQ24Z/0303194.html}, + number = {05} +} + +@article{Douglas:2004:BasicResultsVacuum, + title = {Basic Results in Vacuum Statistics}, + author = {Douglas, Michael R.}, + date = {2004}, + journaltitle = {Comptes Rendus Physique}, + shortjournal = {Comptes Rendus Physique}, + volume = {5}, + pages = {965--977}, + issn = {16310705}, + doi = {10.1016/j.crhy.2004.09.008}, + archivePrefix = {arXiv}, + eprint = {hep-th/0409207}, + eprinttype = {arxiv}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/douglas_2004_basic_results_in_vacuum_statistics2.pdf}, + keywords = {archived}, + langid = {english}, + number = {9-10} +} + +@article{Douglas:2007:FluxCompactification, + title = {Flux Compactification}, + author = {Douglas, Michael R. and Kachru, Shamit}, + date = {2007}, + journaltitle = {Reviews of Modern Physics}, + shortjournal = {Rev. Mod. Phys.}, + volume = {79}, + pages = {733--796}, + issn = {0034-6861, 1539-0756}, + doi = {10.1103/RevModPhys.79.733}, + archivePrefix = {arXiv}, + eprint = {hep-th/0610102}, + eprinttype = {arxiv}, + keywords = {archived}, + langid = {english}, + number = {2} +} + +@article{Douglas:2007:LandscapeIntersectingBrane, + title = {The Landscape of Intersecting Brane Models}, + author = {Douglas, Michael R. and Taylor, Washington}, + date = {2007}, + journaltitle = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, + shortjournal = {J. High Energy Phys.}, + volume = {2007}, + pages = {031--031}, + issn = {1029-8479}, + doi = {10.1088/1126-6708/2007/01/031}, + archivePrefix = {arXiv}, + eprint = {hep-th/0606109}, + eprinttype = {arxiv}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/douglas_taylor_2007_the_landscape_of_intersecting_brane_models.pdf}, + keywords = {archived}, + number = {01} +} + +@inproceedings{Drucker:1997:SupportVectorRegression, + ids = {Drucker:1996:SupportVectorRegression}, + title = {Support Vector Regression Machines}, + booktitle = {Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems}, + author = {Drucker, Harris and Burges, Christopher JC and Kaufman, Linda and Smola, Alex J and Vapnik, Vladimir}, + date = {1997}, + pages = {155--161}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/drucker_et_al_1996_support_vector_regression_machines.pdf}, + keywords = {⛔ No DOI found} +} + @article{Duo:2007:NewTwistField, title = {New Twist Field Couplings from the Partition Function for Multiply Wrapped {{D}}-Branes}, author = {Duo, Dario and Russo, Rodolfo and Sciuto, Stefano}, @@ -985,8 +1635,52 @@ number = {1-2} } +@online{Erbin:2018:GANsGeneratingEFT, + title = {{{GANs}} for Generating {{EFT}} Models}, + author = {Erbin, Harold and Krippendorf, Sven}, + date = {2018-09-06}, + abstract = {We initiate a way of generating models by the computer, satisfying both experimental and theoretical constraints. In particular, we present a framework which allows the generation of effective field theories. We use Generative Adversarial Networks to generate these models and we generate examples which go beyond the examples known to the machine. As a starting point, we apply this idea to the generation of supersymmetric field theories. In this case, the machine knows consistent examples of supersymmetric field theories with a single field and generates new examples of such theories. In the generated potentials we find distinct properties, here the number of minima in the scalar potential, with values not found in the training data. We comment on potential further applications of this framework.}, + archivePrefix = {arXiv}, + eprint = {1809.02612}, + eprinttype = {arxiv}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/erbin_krippendorf_2018_gans_for_generating_eft_models2.pdf;/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/storage/RPXMP3QD/1809.html}, + keywords = {⛔ No DOI found} +} + +@online{Erbin:2020:InceptionNeuralNetwork, + ids = {Erbin:2020:InceptionNeuralNetworka}, + title = {Inception {{Neural Network}} for {{Complete Intersection Calabi}}-{{Yau}} 3-Folds}, + author = {Erbin, Harold and Finotello, Riccardo}, + date = {2020-07-27}, + url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/2007.13379}, + urldate = {2020-08-06}, + abstract = {We introduce a neural network inspired by Google's Inception model to compute the Hodge number \$h\^\{1,1\}\$ of complete intersection Calabi-Yau (CICY) 3-folds. This architecture improves largely the accuracy of the predictions over existing results, giving already 97\% of accuracy with just 30\% of the data for training. Moreover, accuracy climbs to 99\% when using 80\% of the data for training. This proves that neural networks are a valuable resource to study geometric aspects in both pure mathematics and string theory.}, + archivePrefix = {arXiv}, + eprint = {2007.13379}, + eprinttype = {arxiv}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/erbin_finotello_2020_inception_neural_network_for_complete_intersection_calabi-yau_3-folds.pdf}, + keywords = {⛔ No DOI found}, + primaryClass = {hep-th} +} + +@online{Erbin:2020:MachineLearningComplete, + title = {Machine Learning for Complete Intersection {{Calabi}}-{{Yau}} Manifolds: A Methodological Study}, + shorttitle = {Machine Learning for Complete Intersection {{Calabi}}-{{Yau}} Manifolds}, + author = {Erbin, Harold and Finotello, Riccardo}, + date = {2020-07-30}, + url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/2007.15706}, + urldate = {2020-08-06}, + abstract = {We revisit the question of predicting both Hodge numbers \$h\^\{1,1\}\$ and \$h\^\{2,1\}\$ of complete intersection Calabi-Yau (CICY) 3-folds using machine learning (ML), considering both the old and new datasets built respectively by Candelas-Dale-Lutken-Schimmrigk / Green-H\textbackslash "ubsch-Lutken and by Anderson-Gao-Gray-Lee. In real world applications, implementing a ML system rarely reduces to feed the brute data to the algorithm. Instead, the typical workflow starts with an exploratory data analysis (EDA) which aims at understanding better the input data and finding an optimal representation. It is followed by the design of a validation procedure and a baseline model. Finally, several ML models are compared and combined, often involving neural networks with a topology more complicated than the sequential models typically used in physics. By following this procedure, we improve the accuracy of ML computations for Hodge numbers with respect to the existing literature. First, we obtain 97\% (resp. 99\%) accuracy for \$h\^\{1,1\}\$ using a neural network inspired by the Inception model for the old dataset, using only 30\% (resp. 70\%) of the data for training. For the new one, a simple linear regression leads to almost 100\% accuracy with 30\% of the data for training. The computation of \$h\^\{2,1\}\$ is less successful as we manage to reach only 50\% accuracy for both datasets, but this is still better than the 16\% obtained with a simple neural network (SVM with Gaussian kernel and feature engineering and sequential convolutional network reach at best 36\%). This serves as a proof of concept that neural networks can be valuable to study the properties of geometries appearing in string theory.}, + archivePrefix = {arXiv}, + eprint = {2007.15706}, + eprinttype = {arxiv}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/erbin_finotello_2020_machine_learning_for_complete_intersection_calabi-yau_manifolds.pdf}, + keywords = {⛔ No DOI found}, + primaryClass = {hep-th} +} + @article{Erler:1993:HigherTwistedSector, - title = {Higher {{Twisted Sector Couplings}} of {{ZN Orbifolds}}}, + title = {Higher {{Twisted Sector Couplings}} of {{Z}}{{{\textsubscript{N}}}} {{Orbifolds}}}, author = {Erler, Jens and Jungnickel, Dirk-U. and Spaliński, Michał and Stieberger, Stephan}, date = {1993-05}, journaltitle = {Nuclear Physics B}, @@ -1020,6 +1714,50 @@ file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/estrada_vindas_2012_a_general_integral.pdf;/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/storage/34MFYX8V/1109.html} } +@article{Faraggi:2020:MachineLearningClassification, + title = {Towards Machine Learning in the Classification of {{Z}}{\textsubscript{2}} × {{Z}}{\textsubscript{2}} Orbifold Compactifications}, + author = {Faraggi, A E and Harries, G and Percival, B and Rizos, J}, + date = {2020-08}, + journaltitle = {Journal of Physics: Conference Series}, + shortjournal = {J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.}, + volume = {1586}, + pages = {012032}, + issn = {1742-6588, 1742-6596}, + doi = {10.1088/1742-6596/1586/1/012032}, + archivePrefix = {arXiv}, + eprint = {1901.04448}, + eprinttype = {arxiv}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/faraggi_et_al_2020_towards_machine_learning_in_the_classification_of_iz-i_sub2-sub_×.pdf}, + keywords = {archived} +} + +@inproceedings{Fawcett:2001:UsingRuleSets, + title = {Using Rule Sets to Maximize {{ROC}} Performance}, + booktitle = {Proceedings 2001 {{IEEE}} International Conference on Data Mining}, + author = {Fawcett, Tom}, + date = {2001}, + pages = {131--138}, + doi = {10.1109/ICDM.2001.989510}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/fawcett_2001_using_rule_sets_to_maximize_roc_performance2.pdf} +} + +@article{Fernandez-Delgado:2014:WeNeedHundreds, + ids = {Fernandez-Delgado:2014:WeNeedHundredsa}, + title = {Do We {{Need Hundreds}} of {{Classifiers}} to {{Solve Real World Classification Problems}}?}, + author = {Fernández-Delgado, Manuel and Cernadas, Eva and Barro, Senén and Amorim, Dinani}, + date = {2014}, + journaltitle = {Journal of Machine Learning Research}, + volume = {15}, + pages = {3133--3181}, + publisher = {{JMLR. org}}, + url = {http://jmlr.org/papers/v15/delgado14a.html}, + urldate = {2020-05-23}, + abstract = {We evaluate 179 classifiers arising from 17 families (discriminant analysis, Bayesian, neural networks, support vector machines, decision trees, rule-based classifiers, boosting, bagging, stacking, random forests and other ensembles, generalized linear models, nearest-neighbors, partial least squares and principal component regression, logistic and multinomial regression, multiple adaptive regression splines and other methods), implemented in Weka, R (with and without the caret package), C and Matlab, including all the relevant classifiers available today. We use 121 data sets, which represent the whole UCI data base (excluding the large- scale problems) and other own real problems, in order to achieve significant conclusions about the classifier behavior, not dependent on the data set collection. The classifiers most likely to be the bests are the random forest (RF) versions, the best of which (implemented in R and accessed via caret) achieves 94.1\% of the maximum accuracy overcoming 90\% in the 84.3\% of the data sets. However, the difference is not statistically significant with the second best, the SVM with Gaussian kernel implemented in C using LibSVM, which achieves 92.3\% of the maximum accuracy. A few models are clearly better than the remaining ones: random forest, SVM with Gaussian and polynomial kernels, extreme learning machine with Gaussian kernel, C5.0 and avNNet (a committee of multi-layer perceptrons implemented in R with the caret package). The random forest is clearly the best family of classifiers (3 out of 5 bests classifiers are RF), followed by SVM (4 classifiers in the top-10), neural networks and boosting ensembles (5 and 3 members in the top-20, respectively).}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/fernández-delgado_et_al_2014_do_we_need_hundreds_of_classifiers_to_solve_real_world_classification_problems.pdf}, + keywords = {⛔ No DOI found}, + number = {90} +} + @article{Figueroa-OFarrill:2001:GeneralisedSupersymmetricFluxbranes, title = {Generalised Supersymmetric Fluxbranes}, author = {Figueroa-O'Farrill, José and Simón, Joan}, @@ -1038,6 +1776,21 @@ number = {12} } +@online{Finotello:2019:2DFermionStrip, + title = {{{2D Fermion}} on the {{Strip}} with {{Boundary Defects}} as a {{CFT}} with {{Excited Spin Fields}}}, + author = {Finotello, Riccardo and Pesando, Igor}, + date = {2019-12-16}, + url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1912.07617}, + urldate = {2020-02-27}, + abstract = {We consider a two-dimensional fermion on the strip in the presence of an arbitrary number of zero-dimensional boundary changing defects. We show that the theory is still conformal with time dependent stress-energy tensor and that the allowed defects can be understood as excited spin fields. Finally we compute correlation functions involving these excited spin fields without using bosonization.}, + archivePrefix = {arXiv}, + eprint = {1912.07617}, + eprinttype = {arxiv}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/finotello_pesando_2019_2d_fermion_on_the_strip_with_boundary_defects_as_a_cft_with_excited_spin_fields.pdf}, + keywords = {⛔ No DOI found}, + primaryClass = {hep-th} +} + @article{Finotello:2019:ClassicalSolutionBosonic, ids = {Finotello:2019:ClassicalSolutionBosonica}, title = {The {{Classical Solution}} for the {{Bosonic String}} in the {{Presence}} of {{Three D}}-Branes {{Rotated}} by {{Arbitrary SO}}(4) {{Elements}}}, @@ -1107,6 +1860,59 @@ number = {3-4} } +@article{Friedman:2001:GreedyFunctionApproximation, + ids = {Friedman:2001:GreedyFunctionApproximationa}, + title = {Greedy {{Function Approximation}}: {{A Gradient Boosting Machine}}}, + shorttitle = {Greedy {{Function Approximation}}}, + author = {Friedman, Jerome H.}, + date = {2001}, + journaltitle = {The Annals of Statistics}, + volume = {29}, + pages = {1189--1232}, + publisher = {{Institute of Mathematical Statistics}}, + issn = {0090-5364}, + doi = {10.1214/aos/1013203451}, + abstract = {Function estimation/approximation is viewed from the perspective of numerical optimization in function space, rather than parameter space. A connection is made between stagewise additive expansions and steepest-descent minimization. A general gradient descent "boosting" paradigm is developed for additive expansions based on any fitting criterion. Specific algorithms are presented for least-squares, least absolute deviation, and Huber-M loss functions for regression, and multiclass logistic likelihood for classification. Special enhancements are derived for the particular case where the individual additive components are regression trees, and tools for interpreting such "TreeBoost" models are presented. Gradient boosting of regression trees produces competitive, highly robust, interpretable procedures for both regression and classification, especially appropriate for mining less than clean data. Connections between this approach and the boosting methods of Freund and Shapire and Friedman, Hastie and Tibshirani are discussed.}, + eprint = {2699986}, + eprinttype = {jstor}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/friedman_2001_greedy_function_approximation.pdf}, + keywords = {❓ Multiple DOI}, + number = {5} +} + +@article{Friedman:2002:StochasticGradientBoosting, + title = {Stochastic Gradient Boosting}, + author = {Friedman, Jerome H.}, + date = {2002}, + journaltitle = {Computational Statistics \& Data Analysis}, + volume = {38}, + pages = {367--378}, + issn = {0167-9473}, + doi = {10.1016/s0167-9473(01)00065-2}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/friedman_2002_stochastic_gradient_boosting.pdf;/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/storage/RTS7DDDJ/S0167947301000652.html}, + number = {4} +} + +@article{Gan:2017:HolographyDeepLearning, + title = {Holography as Deep Learning}, + author = {Gan, Wen-Cong and Shu, Fu-Wen}, + date = {2017-10}, + journaltitle = {International Journal of Modern Physics D}, + shortjournal = {Int. J. Mod. Phys. D}, + volume = {26}, + pages = {1743020}, + issn = {0218-2718, 1793-6594}, + doi = {10.1142/S0218271817430209}, + abstract = {Quantum many-body problem with exponentially large degrees of freedom can be reduced to a tractable computational form by neural network method [G. Carleo and M. Troyer, Science 355 (2017) 602, arXiv:1606.02318.] The power of deep neural network (DNN) based on deep learning is clarified by mapping it to renormalization group (RG), which may shed lights on holographic principle by identifying a sequence of RG transformations to the AdS geometry. In this paper, we show that any network which reflects RG process has intrinsic hyperbolic geometry, and discuss the structure of entanglement encoded in the graph of DNN. We find the entanglement structure of DNN is of Ryu–Takayanagi form. Based on these facts, we argue that the emergence of holographic gravitational theory is related to deep learning process of the quantum-field theory.}, + archivePrefix = {arXiv}, + eprint = {1705.05750}, + eprinttype = {arxiv}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/gan_shu_2017_holography_as_deep_learning2.pdf}, + keywords = {archived}, + langid = {english}, + number = {12} +} + @article{Gato:1990:VertexOperatorsNonabelian, title = {Vertex Operators, Non-Abelian Orbifolds and the {{Reimann}}-{{Hilbert}} Problem}, author = {Gato, Beatriz}, @@ -1142,7 +1948,20 @@ number = {1-2} } -@article{Ginsparg:1988:AppliedConformalField, +@book{Geron:2019:HandsOnMachineLearning, + title = {Hands-{{On Machine Learning}} with {{Scikit}}-{{Learn}}, {{Keras}}, and {{TensorFlow}}}, + author = {Géron, Aurélien}, + date = {2019}, + url = {http://shop.oreilly.com/product/0636920142874.do}, + urldate = {2019-11-06}, + abstract = {Through a series of recent breakthroughs, deep learning has boosted the entire field of machine learning. Now, even programmers who know close to nothing about this technology can use simple, efficie...}, + annotation = {http://web.archive.org/web/20200531204023/http://shop.oreilly.com/product/0636920142874.do}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/géron_2019_hands-on_machine_learning_with_scikit-learn,_keras,_and_tensorflow.pdf}, + isbn = {978-1-4920-3264-9}, + langid = {english} +} + +@online{Ginsparg:1988:AppliedConformalField, title = {Applied {{Conformal Field Theory}}}, author = {Ginsparg, Paul}, date = {1988-11}, @@ -1150,7 +1969,37 @@ archivePrefix = {arXiv}, eprint = {hep-th/9108028}, eprinttype = {arxiv}, - file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/ginsparg_1988_applied_conformal_field_theory.pdf} + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/ginsparg_1988_applied_conformal_field_theory.pdf}, + keywords = {⛔ No DOI found} +} + +@inproceedings{Glorot:2011:DeepSparseRectifier, + title = {Deep Sparse Rectifier Neural Networks}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics}, + author = {Glorot, Xavier and Bordes, Antoine and Bengio, Yoshua}, + date = {2011}, + pages = {315--323}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/glorot_et_al_2011_deep_sparse_rectifier_neural_networks.pdf}, + keywords = {⛔ No DOI found} +} + +@article{Gmeiner:2006:OneBillionMSSMlike, + title = {One in a Billion: {{MSSM}}-like {{D}}-Brane Statistics}, + shorttitle = {One in a Billion}, + author = {Gmeiner, Florian and Blumenhagen, Ralph and Honecker, Gabriele and Lüst, Dieter and Weigand, Timo}, + date = {2006-01-04}, + journaltitle = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, + shortjournal = {J. High Energy Phys.}, + volume = {2006}, + pages = {004--004}, + issn = {1029-8479}, + doi = {10.1088/1126-6708/2006/01/004}, + archivePrefix = {arXiv}, + eprint = {hep-th/0510170}, + eprinttype = {arxiv}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/gmeiner_et_al_2006_one_in_a_billion.pdf}, + keywords = {archived}, + number = {01} } @article{Goddard:1973:QuantumDynamicsMassless, @@ -1169,17 +2018,22 @@ number = {1} } -@article{Grana:2005:FluxCompactificationsString, - title = {Flux Compactifications in String Theory: A Comprehensive Review}, +@article{Grana:2006:FluxCompactificationsString, + ids = {Grana:2005:FluxCompactificationsString}, + title = {Flux Compactifications in String Theory: {{A}} Comprehensive Review}, + shorttitle = {Flux Compactifications in String Theory}, author = {Graña, Mariana}, - date = {2005-09}, + date = {2006-01}, journaltitle = {Physics Reports}, + shortjournal = {Physics Reports}, volume = {423}, pages = {91--158}, issn = {03701573}, doi = {10.1016/j.physrep.2005.10.008}, - abstract = {We present a pedagogical overview of flux compactifications in string theory, from the basic ideas to the most recent developments. We concentrate on closed string fluxes in type II theories. We start by reviewing the supersymmetric flux configurations with maximally symmetric four-dimensional spaces. We then discuss the no-go theorems (and their evasion) for compactifications with fluxes. We analyze the resulting four-dimensional effective theories, as well as some of its perturbative and non-perturbative corrections, focusing on moduli stabilization. Finally, we briefly review statistical studies of flux backgrounds.}, - file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/graña_2005_flux_compactifications_in_string_theory.pdf}, + annotation = {http://web.archive.org/web/20201007105121/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0370157305004618}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/graña_2005_flux_compactifications_in_string_theory.pdf;/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/graña_2006_flux_compactifications_in_string_theory2.pdf}, + keywords = {archived}, + langid = {english}, number = {3} } @@ -1196,6 +2050,34 @@ series = {{{SpringerBriefs}} in {{Physics}}} } +@article{Green:1987:CalabiYauManifoldsComplete, + title = {Calabi-{{Yau}} Manifolds as Complete Intersections in Products of Complex Projective Spaces}, + author = {Green, Paul and Hübsch, Tristan}, + date = {1987-03}, + journaltitle = {Communications in Mathematical Physics}, + shortjournal = {Commun.Math. Phys.}, + volume = {109}, + pages = {99--108}, + issn = {0010-3616, 1432-0916}, + doi = {10.1007/BF01205673}, + langid = {english}, + number = {1} +} + +@article{Green:1987:PolynomialDeformationsCohomology, + title = {Polynomial Deformations and Cohomology of {{Calabi}}-{{Yau}} Manifolds}, + author = {Green, Paul and Hübsch, Tristan}, + date = {1987-09}, + journaltitle = {Communications in Mathematical Physics}, + shortjournal = {Commun.Math. Phys.}, + volume = {113}, + pages = {505--528}, + issn = {0010-3616, 1432-0916}, + doi = {10.1007/BF01221257}, + langid = {english}, + number = {3} +} + @book{Green:1988:SuperstringTheoryIntroduction, title = {Superstring {{Theory}}. {{Introduction}}.}, author = {Green, Michael B. and Schwarz, John H. and Witten, Edward}, @@ -1218,7 +2100,22 @@ series = {Cambridge Monographs on Mathematical Physics} } -@article{Greene:1997:StringTheoryCalabiYau, +@article{Green:1989:AllHodgeNumbers, + title = {All the {{Hodge}} Numbers for All {{Calabi}}-{{Yau}} Complete Intersections}, + author = {Green, Paul S. and Hübsch, Tristan and Lütken, Carsten Andrew}, + date = {1989-02-01}, + journaltitle = {Classical and Quantum Gravity}, + shortjournal = {Class. Quantum Grav.}, + volume = {6}, + pages = {105--124}, + issn = {0264-9381, 1361-6382}, + doi = {10.1088/0264-9381/6/2/006}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/green_et_al_1989_all_the_hodge_numbers_for_all_calabi-yau_complete_intersections3.pdf}, + keywords = {archived}, + number = {2} +} + +@online{Greene:1997:StringTheoryCalabiYau, title = {String {{Theory}} on {{Calabi}}-{{Yau Manifolds}}}, author = {Greene, Brian}, date = {1997-02}, @@ -1228,7 +2125,8 @@ archivePrefix = {arXiv}, eprint = {hep-th/9702155}, eprinttype = {arxiv}, - file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/greene_1997_string_theory_on_calabi-yau_manifolds.pdf} + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/greene_1997_string_theory_on_calabi-yau_manifolds.pdf}, + keywords = {⛔ No DOI found} } @article{Grimm:2005:EffectiveActionType, @@ -1248,6 +2146,100 @@ number = {1-2} } +@article{Halverson:2017:AlgorithmicUniversalityFtheory, + title = {Algorithmic Universality in {{F}}-Theory Compactifications}, + author = {Halverson, James and Long, Cody and Sung, Benjamin}, + date = {2017-12-11}, + journaltitle = {Physical Review D}, + shortjournal = {Phys. Rev. D}, + volume = {96}, + pages = {126006}, + issn = {2470-0010, 2470-0029}, + doi = {10.1103/PhysRevD.96.126006}, + archivePrefix = {arXiv}, + eprint = {1706.02299}, + eprinttype = {arxiv}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/halverson_et_al_2017_algorithmic_universality_in_f-theory_compactifications.pdf}, + keywords = {archived}, + langid = {english}, + number = {12} +} + +@inproceedings{Halverson:2018:TASILecturesRemnants, + title = {{{TASI Lectures}} on {{Remnants}} from the {{String Landscape}}}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of {{Theoretical Advanced Study Institute Summer School}} 2017 "{{Physics}} at the {{Fundamental Frontier}}" — {{PoS}}({{TASI2017}})}, + author = {Halverson, James and Langacker, Paul}, + date = {2018-02-23}, + pages = {019}, + publisher = {{Sissa Medialab}}, + location = {{Boulder, Colorado}}, + doi = {10.22323/1.305.0019}, + archivePrefix = {arXiv}, + eprint = {1801.03503}, + eprinttype = {arxiv}, + eventtitle = {Theoretical {{Advanced Study Institute Summer School}} 2017 "{{Physics}} at the {{Fundamental Frontier}}"}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/halverson_langacker_2018_tasi_lectures_on_remnants_from_the_string_landscape2.pdf}, + keywords = {archived}, + langid = {english} +} + +@article{Halverson:2019:BranesBrainsExploring, + title = {Branes with Brains: Exploring String Vacua with Deep Reinforcement Learning}, + shorttitle = {Branes with Brains}, + author = {Halverson, James and Nelson, Brent and Ruehle, Fabian}, + date = {2019-06}, + journaltitle = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, + shortjournal = {J. High Energ. Phys.}, + volume = {2019}, + pages = {3}, + issn = {1029-8479}, + doi = {10.1007/JHEP06(2019)003}, + archivePrefix = {arXiv}, + eprint = {1903.11616}, + eprinttype = {arxiv}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/halverson_et_al_2019_branes_with_brains3.pdf}, + langid = {english}, + number = {6} +} + +@article{Halverson:2019:ComputationalComplexityVacua, + title = {Computational Complexity of Vacua and Near-Vacua in Field and String Theory}, + author = {Halverson, James and Ruehle, Fabian}, + date = {2019-02-22}, + journaltitle = {Physical Review D}, + shortjournal = {Phys. Rev. D}, + volume = {99}, + pages = {046015}, + issn = {2470-0010, 2470-0029}, + doi = {10.1103/PhysRevD.99.046015}, + archivePrefix = {arXiv}, + eprint = {1809.08279}, + eprinttype = {arxiv}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/halverson_ruehle_2019_computational_complexity_of_vacua_and_near-vacua_in_field_and_string_theory3.pdf}, + keywords = {archived}, + langid = {english}, + number = {4} +} + +@article{Halverson:2020:StatisticalPredictionsString, + title = {Statistical {{Predictions}} in {{String Theory}} and {{Deep Generative Models}}}, + author = {Halverson, James and Long, Cody}, + date = {2020-05}, + journaltitle = {Fortschritte der Physik}, + shortjournal = {Fortschr. Phys.}, + volume = {68}, + pages = {2000005}, + issn = {0015-8208, 1521-3978}, + doi = {10.1002/prop.202000005}, + archivePrefix = {arXiv}, + eprint = {2001.00555}, + eprinttype = {arxiv}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/halverson_long_2020_statistical_predictions_in_string_theory_and_deep_generative_models2.pdf}, + keywords = {archived}, + langid = {english}, + number = {5} +} + @article{Hashimoto:2003:RecombinationIntersectingDbranes, title = {Recombination of {{Intersecting D}}-Branes by {{Local Tachyon Condensation}}}, author = {Hashimoto, Koji and Nagaoka, Satoshi}, @@ -1266,10 +2258,102 @@ number = {06} } -@article{He:2020:CalabiyauSpacesString, - title = {Calabi-Yau Spaces in the String Landscape}, +@article{Hashimoto:2018:DeepLearningAdS, + title = {Deep Learning and the {{AdS}} / {{CFT}} Correspondence}, + author = {Hashimoto, Koji and Sugishita, Sotaro and Tanaka, Akinori and Tomiya, Akio}, + date = {2018-08-27}, + journaltitle = {Physical Review D}, + shortjournal = {Phys. Rev. D}, + volume = {98}, + pages = {046019}, + issn = {2470-0010, 2470-0029}, + doi = {10.1103/PhysRevD.98.046019}, + annotation = {http://web.archive.org/web/20201007124217/https://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevD.98.046019}, + archivePrefix = {arXiv}, + eprint = {1802.08313}, + eprinttype = {arxiv}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/hashimoto_et_al_2018_deep_learning_and_ads-cft.pdf;/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/hashimoto_et_al_2018_deep_learning_and_the_ads_-_cft_correspondence.pdf}, + keywords = {archived}, + langid = {english}, + number = {4} +} + +@article{Hashimoto:2018:DeepLearningHolographic, + title = {Deep Learning and Holographic {{QCD}}}, + author = {Hashimoto, Koji and Sugishita, Sotaro and Tanaka, Akinori and Tomiya, Akio}, + date = {2018-11-14}, + journaltitle = {Physical Review D}, + shortjournal = {Phys. Rev. D}, + volume = {98}, + pages = {106014}, + issn = {2470-0010, 2470-0029}, + doi = {10.1103/PhysRevD.98.106014}, + archivePrefix = {arXiv}, + eprint = {1809.10536}, + eprinttype = {arxiv}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/hashimoto_et_al_2018_deep_learning_and_holographic_qcd3.pdf}, + keywords = {archived}, + langid = {english}, + number = {10} +} + +@article{Hashimoto:2019:AdSCFTCorrespondence, + title = {{{AdS}} / {{CFT}} Correspondence as a Deep {{Boltzmann}} Machine}, + author = {Hashimoto, Koji}, + date = {2019-05-31}, + journaltitle = {Physical Review D}, + shortjournal = {Phys. Rev. D}, + volume = {99}, + pages = {106017}, + issn = {2470-0010, 2470-0029}, + doi = {10.1103/PhysRevD.99.106017}, + archivePrefix = {arXiv}, + eprint = {1903.04951}, + eprinttype = {arxiv}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/hashimoto_2019_ads_-_cft_correspondence_as_a_deep_boltzmann_machine.pdf}, + keywords = {archived}, + langid = {english}, + number = {10} +} + +@article{He:2017:MachinelearningStringLandscape, + title = {Machine-Learning the String Landscape}, + author = {He, Yang-Hui}, + date = {2017-11}, + journaltitle = {Physics Letters B}, + shortjournal = {Physics Letters B}, + volume = {774}, + pages = {564--568}, + issn = {03702693}, + doi = {10.1016/j.physletb.2017.10.024}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/he_2017_machine-learning_the_string_landscape3.pdf}, + keywords = {archived}, + langid = {english} +} + +@article{He:2019:DistinguishingEllipticFibrations, + title = {Distinguishing Elliptic Fibrations with {{AI}}}, + author = {He, Yang-Hui and Lee, Seung-Joo}, + date = {2019-11}, + journaltitle = {Physics Letters B}, + shortjournal = {Physics Letters B}, + volume = {798}, + pages = {134889}, + issn = {03702693}, + doi = {10.1016/j.physletb.2019.134889}, + archivePrefix = {arXiv}, + eprint = {1904.08530}, + eprinttype = {arxiv}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/he_lee_2019_distinguishing_elliptic_fibrations_with_ai5.pdf}, + keywords = {archived}, + langid = {english} +} + +@online{He:2020:CalabiYauSpacesString, + title = {Calabi-{{Yau Spaces}} in the {{String Landscape}}}, author = {He, Yang-Hui}, date = {2020-06}, + abstract = {Calabi-Yau spaces, or Kahler spaces admitting zero Ricci curvature, have played a pivotal role in theoretical physics and pure mathematics for the last half-century. In physics, they constituted the first and natural solution to compactification of superstring theory to our 4-dimensional universe, primarily due to one of their equivalent definitions being the admittance of covariantly constant spinors. Since the mid-1980s, physicists and mathematicians have joined forces in creating explicit examples of Calabi-Yau spaces, compiling databases of formidable size, including the complete intersecion (CICY) dataset, the weighted hypersurfaces dataset, the elliptic-fibration dataset, the Kreuzer-Skarke toric hypersurface dataset, generalized CICYs etc., totaling at least on the order of 10\^10 manifolds. These all contribute to the vast string landscape, the multitude of possible vacuum solutions to string compactification. More recently, this collaboration has been enriched by computer science and data science, the former, in bench-marking the complexity of the algorithms in computing geometric quantities and the latter, in applying techniques such as machine-learning in extracting unexpected information. These endeavours, inspired by the physics of the string landscape, have rendered the investigation of Calabi-Yau spaces one of the most exciting and inter-disciplinary fields. Invited contribution to the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Physics, B.\textasciitilde Foster Ed., OUP, 2020}, archivePrefix = {arXiv}, eprint = {2006.16623}, eprinttype = {arxiv}, @@ -1277,6 +2361,29 @@ keywords = {⛔ No DOI found} } +@software{Head:2020:ScikitoptimizeScikitoptimize, + title = {Scikit-Optimize/Scikit-Optimize}, + author = {Head, Tim and Kumar, Manoj and Nahrstaedt, Holger and Louppe, Gilles and Shcherbatyi, Iaroslav}, + date = {2020-09}, + doi = {10.5281/zenodo.4014775}, + organization = {{Zenodo}}, + version = {v0.8.1} +} + +@inproceedings{Ho:1995:RandomDecisionForests, + ids = {TinKamHo:1995:RandomDecisionForests}, + title = {Random Decision Forests}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of 3rd {{International Conference}} on {{Document Analysis}} and {{Recognition}}}, + author = {Ho, Tin Kam}, + date = {1995-08}, + volume = {1}, + pages = {278-282 vol.1}, + doi = {10.1109/icdar.1995.598994}, + abstract = {Decision trees are attractive classifiers due to their high execution speed. But trees derived with traditional methods often cannot be grown to arbitrary complexity for possible loss of generalization accuracy on unseen data. The limitation on complexity usually means suboptimal accuracy on training data. Following the principles of stochastic modeling, we propose a method to construct tree-based classifiers whose capacity can be arbitrarily expanded for increases in accuracy for both training and unseen data. The essence of the method is to build multiple trees in randomly selected subspaces of the feature space. Trees in, different subspaces generalize their classification in complementary ways, and their combined classification can be monotonically improved. The validity of the method is demonstrated through experiments on the recognition of handwritten digits.}, + eventtitle = {Proceedings of 3rd {{International Conference}} on {{Document Analysis}} and {{Recognition}}}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/ho_1995_random_decision_forests.pdf;/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/storage/I7UUJXK7/598994.html} +} + @article{Honecker:2012:FieldTheoryStandard, title = {Towards the Field Theory of the {{Standard Model}} on Fractional {{D6}}-Branes on {{T6}}/{{Z6}}: {{Yukawa}} Couplings and Masses}, author = {Honecker, Gabriele and Vanhoof, Joris}, @@ -1329,13 +2436,24 @@ @book{Hubsch:1992:CalabiyauManifoldsBestiary, title = {Calabi-Yau Manifolds: {{A}} Bestiary for Physicists}, - author = {Hubsch, Tristan}, + author = {Hübsch, Tristan}, date = {1992}, publisher = {{World Scientific}}, file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/hubsch_1992_calabi-yau_manifolds.pdf}, isbn = {978-981-02-1927-7} } +@article{Hunter:2007:Matplotlib2DGraphics, + title = {Matplotlib: {{A 2D}} Graphics Environment}, + author = {Hunter, John D.}, + date = {2007}, + journaltitle = {Computing in Science Engineering}, + volume = {9}, + pages = {90--95}, + doi = {10.1109/MCSE.2007.55}, + number = {3} +} + @article{Ibanez:2001:GettingJustStandard, title = {Getting Just the Standard Model at Intersecting Branes}, author = {Ibanez, Luis E. and Marchesano, Fernando and Rabadán, Raúl}, @@ -1354,6 +2472,15 @@ number = {11} } +@book{Ibanez:2012:StringTheoryParticle, + title = {String Theory and Particle Physics: {{An}} Introduction to String Phenomenology}, + author = {Ibanez, Luis E. and Uranga, Angel M.}, + date = {2012-02}, + publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/ibanez_uranga_2012_string_theory_and_particle_physics2.pdf}, + isbn = {978-0-521-51752-2 978-1-139-22742-1} +} + @article{Inoue:1987:NonAbelianOrbifolds, title = {Non-{{Abelian Orbifolds}}}, author = {Inoue, Kenzo and Sakamoto, Makoto and Takano, Hiroshi}, @@ -1431,7 +2558,7 @@ isbn = {978-0-19-850601-0} } -@article{Joyce:2002:LecturesCalabiYauSpecial, +@online{Joyce:2002:LecturesCalabiYauSpecial, title = {Lectures on {{Calabi}}-{{Yau}} and Special {{Lagrangian}} Geometry}, author = {Joyce, Dominic}, date = {2002-06}, @@ -1479,6 +2606,19 @@ number = {8} } +@online{Kingma:2017:AdamMethodStochastica, + title = {Adam: {{A Method}} for {{Stochastic Optimization}}}, + shorttitle = {Adam}, + author = {Kingma, Diederik P. and Ba, Jimmy}, + date = {2017-01-29}, + abstract = {We introduce Adam, an algorithm for first-order gradient-based optimization of stochastic objective functions, based on adaptive estimates of lower-order moments. The method is straightforward to implement, is computationally efficient, has little memory requirements, is invariant to diagonal rescaling of the gradients, and is well suited for problems that are large in terms of data and/or parameters. The method is also appropriate for non-stationary objectives and problems with very noisy and/or sparse gradients. The hyper-parameters have intuitive interpretations and typically require little tuning. Some connections to related algorithms, on which Adam was inspired, are discussed. We also analyze the theoretical convergence properties of the algorithm and provide a regret bound on the convergence rate that is comparable to the best known results under the online convex optimization framework. Empirical results demonstrate that Adam works well in practice and compares favorably to other stochastic optimization methods. Finally, we discuss AdaMax, a variant of Adam based on the infinity norm.}, + archivePrefix = {arXiv}, + eprint = {1412.6980}, + eprinttype = {arxiv}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/kingma_ba_2017_adam2.pdf;/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/storage/EYEANITG/1412.html}, + keywords = {⛔ No DOI found} +} + @article{Kiritsis:1994:StringPropagationGravitational, title = {String {{Propagation}} in {{Gravitational Wave Backgrounds}}}, author = {Kiritsis, Elias and Kounnas, Costas}, @@ -1497,7 +2637,61 @@ number = {3-4} } -@article{Krippendorf:2010:CambridgeLecturesSupersymmetry, +@article{Klaewer:2019:MachineLearningLine, + title = {Machine Learning Line Bundle Cohomologies of Hypersurfaces in Toric Varieties}, + author = {Klaewer, Daniel and Schlechter, Lorenz}, + date = {2019-02}, + journaltitle = {Physics Letters B}, + shortjournal = {Physics Letters B}, + volume = {789}, + pages = {438--443}, + issn = {03702693}, + doi = {10.1016/j.physletb.2019.01.002}, + archivePrefix = {arXiv}, + eprint = {1809.02547}, + eprinttype = {arxiv}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/klaewer_schlechter_2019_machine_learning_line_bundle_cohomologies_of_hypersurfaces_in_toric_varieties5.pdf}, + keywords = {archived}, + langid = {english} +} + +@article{Krefl:2017:MachineLearningCalabiYaua, + ids = {Krefl:2017:MachineLearningCalabiYau}, + title = {Machine Learning of {{Calabi}}-{{Yau}} Volumes}, + author = {Krefl, Daniel and Seong, Rak-Kyeong}, + date = {2017-09-12}, + journaltitle = {Physical Review D}, + shortjournal = {Phys. Rev. D}, + volume = {96}, + pages = {066014}, + issn = {2470-0010, 2470-0029}, + doi = {10.1103/PhysRevD.96.066014}, + annotation = {http://web.archive.org/web/20201007112546/https://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevD.96.066014}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/krefl_seong_2017_machine_learning_of_calabi-yau_volumes.pdf;/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/krefl_seong_2017_machine_learning_of_calabi-yau_volumes3.pdf}, + keywords = {archived}, + langid = {english}, + number = {6} +} + +@article{Kreuzer:2000:CompleteClassificationReflexive, + title = {Complete Classification of Reflexive Polyhedra in Four Dimensions}, + author = {Kreuzer, Maximilian and Skarke, Harald}, + date = {2000}, + journaltitle = {Advances in Theoretical and Mathematical Physics}, + volume = {4}, + pages = {1209--1230}, + issn = {10950761, 10950753}, + doi = {10.4310/ATMP.2000.v4.n6.a2}, + archivePrefix = {arXiv}, + eprint = {hep-th/0002240}, + eprinttype = {arxiv}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/kreuzer_skarke_2000_complete_classification_of_reflexive_polyhedra_in_four_dimensions.pdf}, + keywords = {archived}, + langid = {english}, + number = {6} +} + +@online{Krippendorf:2010:CambridgeLecturesSupersymmetry, title = {Cambridge {{Lectures}} on {{Supersymmetry}} and {{Extra Dimensions}}}, author = {Krippendorf, Sven and Quevedo, Fernando and Schlotterer, Oliver}, date = {2010-11-05}, @@ -1506,9 +2700,71 @@ eprint = {1011.1491}, eprinttype = {arxiv}, file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/krippendorf_et_al_2010_cambridge_lectures_on_supersymmetry_and_extra_dimensions.pdf}, + keywords = {⛔ No DOI found}, langid = {english} } +@online{Krippendorf:2020:DetectingSymmetriesNeural, + title = {Detecting {{Symmetries}} with {{Neural Networks}}}, + author = {Krippendorf, Sven and Syvaeri, Marc}, + date = {2020-03-30}, + abstract = {Identifying symmetries in data sets is generally difficult, but knowledge about them is crucial for efficient data handling. Here we present a method how neural networks can be used to identify symmetries. We make extensive use of the structure in the embedding layer of the neural network which allows us to identify whether a symmetry is present and to identify orbits of the symmetry in the input. To determine which continuous or discrete symmetry group is present we analyse the invariant orbits in the input. We present examples based on rotation groups \$SO(n)\$ and the unitary group \$SU(2).\$ Further we find that this method is useful for the classification of complete intersection Calabi-Yau manifolds where it is crucial to identify discrete symmetries on the input space. For this example we present a novel data representation in terms of graphs.}, + archivePrefix = {arXiv}, + eprint = {2003.13679}, + eprinttype = {arxiv}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/krippendorf_syvaeri_2020_detecting_symmetries_with_neural_networks2.pdf;/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/storage/F9KQKQ3Q/2003.html}, + keywords = {⛔ No DOI found} +} + +@article{Krishnan:2020:MachineLearningGauged, + title = {Machine {{Learning Gauged Supergravity}}}, + author = {Krishnan, Chethan and Mohan, Vyshnav and Ray, Soham}, + date = {2020-05}, + journaltitle = {Fortschritte der Physik}, + shortjournal = {Fortschr. Phys.}, + volume = {68}, + pages = {2000027}, + issn = {0015-8208, 1521-3978}, + doi = {10.1002/prop.202000027}, + archivePrefix = {arXiv}, + eprint = {2002.12927}, + eprinttype = {arxiv}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/krishnan_et_al_2020_machine_learning_gauged_supergravity.pdf}, + keywords = {archived}, + langid = {english}, + number = {5} +} + +@article{Lerche:1987:ChiralFourdimensionalHeterotic, + title = {Chiral Four-Dimensional Heterotic Strings from Self-Dual Lattices}, + author = {Lerche, Wolfgang and Lüst, Dieter and Schellekens, A. N.}, + date = {1987-01}, + journaltitle = {Nuclear Physics B}, + shortjournal = {Nuclear Physics B}, + volume = {287}, + pages = {477--507}, + issn = {05503213}, + doi = {10.1016/0550-3213(87)90115-5}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/lerche_et_al_1987_chiral_four-dimensional_heterotic_strings_from_self-dual_lattices.pdf}, + keywords = {archived}, + langid = {english} +} + +@book{Lista:2017:StatisticalMethodsData, + ids = {Lista:2017:StatisticalMethodsDataa,Lista:2017:StatisticalMethodsDatad}, + title = {Statistical {{Methods}} for {{Data Analysis}} in {{Particle Physics}}}, + author = {Lista, Luca}, + date = {2017}, + volume = {941}, + publisher = {{Springer International Publishing}}, + location = {{Cham}}, + doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-62840-0}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/lista_2017_statistical_methods_for_data_analysis_in_particle_physics7.pdf}, + isbn = {978-3-319-62839-4 978-3-319-62840-0}, + langid = {english}, + series = {Lecture {{Notes}} in {{Physics}}} +} + @article{Liu:2002:StringsTimeDependentOrbifold, ids = {Liu:2002:StringsTimeDependent}, title = {Strings in a {{Time}}-{{Dependent Orbifold}}}, @@ -1541,7 +2797,7 @@ volume = {2002}, pages = {031--031}, issn = {1126-6708}, - doi = {10.1088/1126-6708/2002/10/031}, + doi = {20050405175528}, abstract = {We continue and extend our earlier investigation “Strings in a Time-Dependent Orbifold” (hep-th/0204168). We formulate conditions for an orbifold to be amenable to perturbative string analysis and classify the low dimensional orbifolds satisfying these conditions. We analyze the tree and torus amplitudes of some of these orbifolds. The tree amplitudes exhibit a new kind of infrared divergences which are a result of some ultraviolet effects. These UV enhanced IR divergences can be interpreted as due to back reaction of the geometry. We argue that for this reason the three dimensional parabolic orbifold is not amenable to perturbation theory. Similarly, the smooth four dimensional null-brane tensored with sufficiently few noncompact dimensions also appears problematic. However, when the number of noncompact dimensions is sufficiently large perturbation theory in these time dependent backgrounds seems consistent.}, annotation = {ZSCC: 0000208}, archivePrefix = {arXiv}, @@ -1549,13 +2805,14 @@ eprinttype = {arxiv}, file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/liu_et_al_2002_strings_in_time_dependent_orbifolds.pdf;/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/liu_et_al_2002_strings_in_time-dependent_orbifolds.pdf}, issue = {10}, + keywords = {⚠️ Invalid DOI}, langid = {english}, number = {RUNHETC-2002-19, NI-02014-MTH} } @article{Lust:2009:LHCStringHunter, title = {The {{LHC String Hunter}}'s {{Companion}}}, - author = {Lust, Dieter and Stieberger, Stephan and Taylor, Tomasz R.}, + author = {Lüst, Dieter and Stieberger, Stephan and Taylor, Tomasz R.}, date = {2009-02}, journaltitle = {Nuclear Physics B}, shortjournal = {Nuclear Physics B}, @@ -1571,9 +2828,82 @@ number = {1-2} } +@article{Lust:2009:SeeingStringLandscape, + title = {Seeing through the String Landscape—a String Hunter's Companion in Particle Physics and Cosmology}, + author = {Lüst, Dieter}, + date = {2009-03-30}, + journaltitle = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, + shortjournal = {J. High Energy Phys.}, + volume = {2009}, + pages = {149--149}, + issn = {1029-8479}, + doi = {10.1088/1126-6708/2009/03/149}, + archivePrefix = {arXiv}, + eprint = {0904.4601}, + eprinttype = {arxiv}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/lüst_2009_seeing_through_the_string_landscape—a_string_hunter's_companion_in_particle.pdf}, + keywords = {archived}, + number = {03} +} + +@inproceedings{Lutken:1988:RecentProgressCalabiYauology, + title = {Recent {{Progress}} in {{Calabi}}-{{Yauology}}}, + author = {Lütken, Carsten Andrew}, + date = {1988}, + doi = {10.1016/0920-5632(88)90380-5} +} + +@article{Mallat:2016:UnderstandingDeepConvolutional, + title = {Understanding Deep Convolutional Networks}, + author = {Mallat, Stéphane}, + date = {2016}, + journaltitle = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences}, + volume = {374}, + pages = {20150203}, + publisher = {{The Royal Society Publishing}}, + doi = {10.1098/rsta.2015.0203}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/mallat_2016_understanding_deep_convolutional_networks2.pdf}, + number = {2065} +} + +@inproceedings{Mockus:1975:BayesianMethodsSeeking, + ids = {Mockus:1975:BayesianMethodsSeekinga}, + title = {On Bayesian Methods for Seeking the Extremum}, + booktitle = {Optimization {{Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk}}, {{July}} 1–7, 1974}, + author = {Močkus, J.}, + editor = {Marchuk, G. I.}, + date = {1975}, + pages = {400--404}, + publisher = {{Springer}}, + location = {{Berlin, Heidelberg}}, + doi = {10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/močkus_1975_on_bayesian_methods_for_seeking_the_extremum.pdf}, + isbn = {978-3-540-37497-8}, + langid = {english}, + series = {Lecture {{Notes}} in {{Computer Science}}} +} + +@article{Mutter:2019:DeepLearningHeterotic, + title = {Deep Learning in the Heterotic Orbifold Landscape}, + author = {Mütter, Andreas and Parr, Erik and Vaudrevange, Patrick K. S.}, + date = {2019-03}, + journaltitle = {Nuclear Physics B}, + shortjournal = {Nuclear Physics B}, + volume = {940}, + pages = {113--129}, + issn = {05503213}, + doi = {10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2019.01.013}, + archivePrefix = {arXiv}, + eprint = {1811.05993}, + eprinttype = {arxiv}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/mütter_et_al_2019_deep_learning_in_the_heterotic_orbifold_landscape3.pdf}, + keywords = {archived}, + langid = {english} +} + @article{Nilsson:1990:GeneralNSRString, title = {General {{NSR}} String Reggeon Vertices from a Dual Ramond Vertex}, - author = {Nilsson, Bengt E.W. and Tollstén, Anna K.}, + author = {Nilsson, Bengt E. W. and Tollstén, Anna K.}, date = {1990-04}, journaltitle = {Physics Letters B}, shortjournal = {Physics Letters B}, @@ -1586,6 +2916,61 @@ number = {1-2} } +@article{Otsuka:2020:DeepLearningKmeans, + title = {Deep Learning and K-Means Clustering in Heterotic String Vacua with Line Bundles}, + author = {Otsuka, Hajime and Takemoto, Kenta}, + date = {2020-05}, + journaltitle = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, + shortjournal = {J. High Energ. Phys.}, + volume = {2020}, + pages = {47}, + issn = {1029-8479}, + doi = {10.1007/JHEP05(2020)047}, + archivePrefix = {arXiv}, + eprint = {2003.11880}, + eprinttype = {arxiv}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/otsuka_takemoto_2020_deep_learning_and_k-means_clustering_in_heterotic_string_vacua_with_line_bundles3.pdf}, + langid = {english}, + number = {5} +} + +@article{Parr:2020:ContrastDataMining, + title = {Contrast Data Mining for the {{MSSM}} from Strings}, + author = {Parr, Erik and Vaudrevange, Patrick K.S.}, + date = {2020-03}, + journaltitle = {Nuclear Physics B}, + shortjournal = {Nuclear Physics B}, + volume = {952}, + pages = {114922}, + issn = {05503213}, + doi = {10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2020.114922}, + archivePrefix = {arXiv}, + eprint = {1910.13473}, + eprinttype = {arxiv}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/parr_vaudrevange_2020_contrast_data_mining_for_the_mssm_from_strings2.pdf}, + keywords = {archived}, + langid = {english} +} + +@article{Parr:2020:PredictingOrbifoldOrigin, + title = {Predicting the {{Orbifold Origin}} of the {{MSSM}}}, + author = {Parr, Erik and Vaudrevange, Patrick K. S. and Wimmer, Martin}, + date = {2020-05}, + journaltitle = {Fortschritte der Physik}, + shortjournal = {Fortschr. Phys.}, + volume = {68}, + pages = {2000032}, + issn = {0015-8208, 1521-3978}, + doi = {10.1002/prop.202000032}, + archivePrefix = {arXiv}, + eprint = {2003.01732}, + eprinttype = {arxiv}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/parr_et_al_2020_predicting_the_orbifold_origin_of_the_mssm2.pdf}, + keywords = {archived}, + langid = {english}, + number = {5} +} + @article{Paton:1969:GeneralizedVenezianoModel, title = {Generalized {{Veneziano}} Model with Isospin}, author = {Paton, Jack E. and {Chan Hong-Mo}}, @@ -1602,6 +2987,29 @@ number = {3} } +@article{Pedregosa:2011:ScikitlearnMachineLearning, + title = {Scikit-Learn: {{Machine}} Learning in Python}, + author = {Pedregosa, Fabian and Varoquaux, Gaël and Gramfort, Alexandre and Michel, Vincent and Thirion, Bertrand and Grisel, Olivier and Blondel, Mathieu and Prettenhofer, Peter and Weiss, Ron and Dubourg, Vincent and Vanderplas, Jake and Passos, Alexandre and Cournapeau, David and Brucher, Matthieu and Perrot, Matthieu and Duchesnay, Édouard}, + date = {2011}, + journaltitle = {Journal of Machine Learning Research}, + volume = {12}, + pages = {2825--2830}, + url = {http://jmlr.org/papers/v12/pedregosa11a.html}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/pedregosa_et_al_2011_scikit-learn2.pdf}, + keywords = {⛔ No DOI found}, + number = {85} +} + +@inproceedings{Peng:2017:LargeKernelMattersa, + title = {Large Kernel {{Matters}}–{{Improve}} Semantic Segmentation by Global Convolutional Network}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the {{IEEE}} Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition}, + author = {Peng, Chao and Zhang, Xiangyu and Yu, Gang and Luo, Guiming and Sun, Jian}, + date = {2017}, + pages = {4353--4361}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/peng_et_al_2017_large_kernel_matters–improve_semantic_segmentation_by_global_convolutional.pdf}, + keywords = {⛔ No DOI found} +} + @article{Pesando:2008:MultibranesBoundaryStates, title = {Multi-Branes Boundary States with Open String Interactions}, author = {Pesando, Igor}, @@ -1635,7 +3043,7 @@ number = {2} } -@article{Pesando:2011:GeneratingFunctionAmplitudes, +@online{Pesando:2011:GeneratingFunctionAmplitudes, title = {The Generating Function of Amplitudes with {{N}} Twisted and {{M}} Untwisted States}, author = {Pesando, Igor}, date = {2011-07-27}, @@ -1706,7 +3114,7 @@ } @article{Pesando:2014:CanonicalQuantizationString, - title = {Canonical Quantization of a String Describing \${{N}}\$ Branes at Angles}, + title = {Canonical Quantization of a String Describing {{N}} Branes at Angles}, author = {Pesando, Igor}, date = {2014-12}, journaltitle = {Nuclear Physics B}, @@ -1762,7 +3170,7 @@ @article{Petersen:1989:CovariantSuperreggeonCalculus, title = {Covariant Super-Reggeon Calculus for Superstrings}, - author = {Petersen, J.L. and Sidenius, J.R. and Tollste´n, A.K.}, + author = {Petersen, Jens L. and Sidenius, J. R. and Tollsten, A. K.}, date = {1989-04}, journaltitle = {Nuclear Physics B}, shortjournal = {Nuclear Physics B}, @@ -1802,7 +3210,8 @@ archivePrefix = {arXiv}, eprint = {hep-th/9611050}, eprinttype = {arxiv}, - file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/polchinski_1996_tasi_lectures_on_d-branes.pdf} + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/polchinski_1996_tasi_lectures_on_d-branes.pdf}, + keywords = {⛔ No DOI found} } @book{Polchinski:1998:StringTheoryIntroduction, @@ -1845,9 +3254,98 @@ number = {3} } +@article{Quinlan:1986:InductionDecisionTrees, + ids = {Quinlan:1986:InductionDecisionTreesa}, + title = {Induction of Decision Trees}, + author = {Quinlan, John R.}, + date = {1986-03-01}, + journaltitle = {Machine Learning}, + shortjournal = {Mach Learn}, + volume = {1}, + pages = {81--106}, + publisher = {{Springer}}, + issn = {1573-0565}, + doi = {10.1007/bf00116251}, + abstract = {The technology for building knowledge-based systems by inductive inference from examples has been demonstrated successfully in several practical applications. This paper summarizes an approach to synthesizing decision trees that has been used in a variety of systems, and it describes one such system, ID3, in detail. Results from recent studies show ways in which the methodology can be modified to deal with information that is noisy and/or incomplete. A reported shortcoming of the basic algorithm is discussed and two means of overcoming it are compared. The paper concludes with illustrations of current research directions.}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/quinlan_1986_induction_of_decision_trees.pdf}, + keywords = {❓ Multiple DOI}, + langid = {english}, + number = {1} +} + +@article{Rudolph:1994:ConvergenceAnalysisCanonical, + title = {Convergence Analysis of Canonical Genetic Algorithms}, + author = {Rudolph, Günter}, + date = {1994}, + journaltitle = {IEEE transactions on neural networks}, + volume = {5}, + pages = {96--101}, + doi = {10.1109/72.265964}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/rudolph_1994_convergence_analysis_of_canonical_genetic_algorithms3.pdf}, + number = {1} +} + +@article{Ruehle:2017:EvolvingNeuralNetworks, + title = {Evolving Neural Networks with Genetic Algorithms to Study the String Landscape}, + author = {Ruehle, Fabian}, + date = {2017-08}, + journaltitle = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, + shortjournal = {J. High Energ. Phys.}, + volume = {2017}, + pages = {38}, + issn = {1029-8479}, + doi = {10.1007/JHEP08(2017)038}, + archivePrefix = {arXiv}, + eprint = {1706.07024}, + eprinttype = {arxiv}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/ruehle_2017_evolving_neural_networks_with_genetic_algorithms_to_study_the_string_landscape5.pdf}, + langid = {english}, + number = {8} +} + +@article{Ruehle:2020:DataScienceApplications, + title = {Data Science Applications to String Theory}, + author = {Ruehle, Fabian}, + date = {2020-01}, + journaltitle = {Physics Reports}, + shortjournal = {Physics Reports}, + volume = {839}, + pages = {1--117}, + issn = {03701573}, + doi = {10.1016/j.physrep.2019.09.005}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/ruehle_2020_data_science_applications_to_string_theory5.pdf}, + keywords = {archived}, + langid = {english} +} + +@article{Rumelhart:1986:LearningRepresentationsBackpropagating, + title = {Learning Representations by Back-Propagating Errors}, + author = {Rumelhart, David E. and Hinton, Geoffrey E. and Williams, Ronald J.}, + date = {1986}, + volume = {323}, + pages = {533--536}, + publisher = {{Nature Publishing Group}}, + doi = {10.1038/323533a0}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/rumelhart_et_al_1986_learning_representations_by_back-propagating_errors2.pdf}, + number = {6088} +} + +@online{Schellekens:2017:BigNumbersString, + title = {Big {{Numbers}} in {{String Theory}}}, + author = {Schellekens, A. N.}, + date = {2017-06-27}, + abstract = {This paper contains some personal reflections on several computational contributions to what is now known as the "String Theory Landscape". It consists of two parts. The first part concerns the origin of big numbers, and especially the number \$10\^\{1500\}\$ that appeared in work on the covariant lattice construction (with W. Lerche and D. Luest). This part contains some new results. I correct a huge but inconsequential error, discuss some more accurate estimates, and compare with the counting for free fermion constructions. In particular I prove that the latter only provide an exponentially small fraction of all even self-dual lattices for large lattice dimensions. The second part of the paper concerns dealing with big numbers, and contains some lessons learned from various vacuum scanning projects.}, + archivePrefix = {arXiv}, + eprint = {1601.02462}, + eprinttype = {arxiv}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/schellekens_2017_big_numbers_in_string_theory.pdf;/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/storage/EJQ3TBMK/1601.html}, + keywords = {⛔ No DOI found}, + primaryClass = {hep-th} +} + @article{Schwarz:1973:EvaluationDualFermion, title = {Evaluation of Dual Fermion Amplitudes}, - author = {Schwarz, J.H. and Wu, C.C.}, + author = {Schwarz, John H. and Wu, C. C.}, date = {1973-12}, journaltitle = {Physics Letters B}, shortjournal = {Physics Letters B}, @@ -1876,6 +3374,7 @@ } @article{Sheikh-Jabbari:1998:ClassificationDifferentBranes, + ids = {SheikhJabbari:1998:ClassificationDifferentBranes}, title = {Classification of {{Different Branes}} at {{Angles}}}, author = {Sheikh-Jabbari, Mohammad M.}, date = {1998-02}, @@ -1889,10 +3388,18 @@ archivePrefix = {arXiv}, eprint = {hep-th/9710121}, eprinttype = {arxiv}, - file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/sheikh-jabbari_1998_classification_of_different_branes_at_angles.pdf}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/sheikh_jabbari_1998_classification_of_different_branes_at_angles.pdf;/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/sheikh-jabbari_1998_classification_of_different_branes_at_angles.pdf}, number = {3-4} } +@book{Skiena:2017:DataScienceDesign, + title = {The Data Science Design Manual}, + author = {Skiena, Steven S.}, + date = {2017}, + publisher = {{Springer}}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/skiena_2017_the_data_science_design_manual.pdf} +} + @article{Soldate:1987:PartialwaveUnitarityClosedstring, title = {Partial-Wave Unitarity and Closed-String Amplitudes}, author = {Soldate, Mark}, @@ -1903,14 +3410,28 @@ pages = {321--327}, issn = {03702693}, doi = {10.1016/0370-2693(87)90302-9}, - annotation = {http://web.archive.org/web/20201001155315/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0370269387903029}, keywords = {archived}, langid = {english}, number = {3-4} } +@article{Srivastava:2014:DropoutSimpleWay, + ids = {Srivastava:2014:DropoutSimpleWaya}, + title = {Dropout: {{A Simple Way}} to {{Prevent Neural Networks}} from {{Overfitting}}}, + shorttitle = {Dropout}, + author = {Srivastava, Nitish and Hinton, Geoffrey and Krizhevsky, Alex and Sutskever, Ilya and Salakhutdinov, Ruslan}, + date = {2014}, + journaltitle = {Journal of Machine Learning Research}, + volume = {15}, + pages = {1929--1958}, + url = {http://jmlr.org/papers/v15/srivastava14a.html}, + urldate = {2020-02-19}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/srivastava_et_al_2014_dropout.pdf;/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/srivastava_et_al_2014_dropout2.pdf}, + keywords = {⛔ No DOI found} +} + @article{Stieberger:1992:YukawaCouplingsBosonic, - title = {Yukawa {{Couplings}} for {{Bosonic ZN Orbifolds}}: {{Their Moduli}} and {{Twisted Sector Dependence}}}, + title = {Yukawa {{Couplings}} for {{Bosonic Z}}{{{\textsubscript{N}}}} {{Orbifolds}}: {{Their Moduli}} and {{Twisted Sector Dependence}}}, shorttitle = {Yukawa {{Couplings}} for {{Bosonic}} \${{Z}}\_{{N}}\$ {{Orbifolds}}}, author = {Stieberger, Stephan and Jungnickel, Dirk-U. and Lauer, Juergen and Spaliński, Michał}, date = {1992-10-30}, @@ -1928,7 +3449,7 @@ number = {33} } -@article{Susskind:2003:AnthropicLandscapeString, +@online{Susskind:2003:AnthropicLandscapeString, title = {The {{Anthropic Landscape}} of {{String Theory}}}, author = {Susskind, Leonard}, date = {2003-02}, @@ -1936,24 +3457,62 @@ archivePrefix = {arXiv}, eprint = {hep-th/0302219}, eprinttype = {arxiv}, - file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/susskind_2003_the_anthropic_landscape_of_string_theory.pdf} + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/susskind_2003_the_anthropic_landscape_of_string_theory.pdf}, + keywords = {⛔ No DOI found} } -@article{Taylor:2003:LecturesDbranesTachyon, +@inproceedings{Szegedy:2014:GoingDeeperConvolutions, + ids = {Szegedy:2015:GoingDeeperConvolutions}, + title = {Going {{Deeper}} with {{Convolutions}}}, + author = {Szegedy, Christian and Liu, Wei and Jia, Yangqing and Sermanet, Pierre and Reed, Scott and Anguelov, Dragomir and Erhan, Dumitru and Vanhoucke, Vincent and Rabinovich, Andrew}, + date = {2014-09-16}, + url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1409.4842}, + urldate = {2020-05-17}, + abstract = {We propose a deep convolutional neural network architecture codenamed "Inception", which was responsible for setting the new state of the art for classification and detection in the ImageNet Large-Scale Visual Recognition Challenge 2014 (ILSVRC 2014). The main hallmark of this architecture is the improved utilization of the computing resources inside the network. This was achieved by a carefully crafted design that allows for increasing the depth and width of the network while keeping the computational budget constant. To optimize quality, the architectural decisions were based on the Hebbian principle and the intuition of multi-scale processing. One particular incarnation used in our submission for ILSVRC 2014 is called GoogLeNet, a 22 layers deep network, the quality of which is assessed in the context of classification and detection.}, + archivePrefix = {arXiv}, + eprint = {1409.4842}, + eprinttype = {arxiv}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/szegedy_et_al_2014_going_deeper_with_convolutions.pdf;/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/storage/5QNPUTZM/1409.html}, + keywords = {⛔ No DOI found}, + primaryClass = {cs} +} + +@article{Tan:2019:DeepLearningHolographic, + title = {Deep Learning the Holographic Black Hole with Charge}, + author = {Tan, Jing and Chen, Chong-Bin}, + date = {2019}, + journaltitle = {International Journal of Modern Physics D}, + shortjournal = {Int. J. Mod. Phys. D}, + volume = {28}, + pages = {1950153}, + issn = {0218-2718, 1793-6594}, + doi = {10.1142/S0218271819501530}, + abstract = {We use the deep learning algorithm to learn the Reissner–Nordström (RN) black hole metric by building a deep neural network. Plenty of data are determined in boundary of AdS and we propagate them to the black hole horizon through AdS metric and equation of motion (e.o.m). We label these data according to the values near the horizon, and together with initial data they constitute a data set. Then we construct corresponding deep neural network and train it with the data set to obtain the Reissner–Nordström (RN) black hole metric. Finally, we discuss the effects of learning rate, batch-size and initialization on the training process.}, + archivePrefix = {arXiv}, + eprint = {1908.01470}, + eprinttype = {arxiv}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/tan_chen_2019_deep_learning_the_holographic_black_hole_with_charge2.pdf}, + keywords = {archived}, + langid = {english}, + number = {12} +} + +@online{Taylor:2003:LecturesDbranesTachyon, title = {Lectures on {{D}}-Branes, Tachyon Condensation, and String Field Theory}, author = {Taylor, Washington}, - date = {2003-01-15}, + date = {2003}, abstract = {These lectures provide an introduction to the subject of tachyon condensation in the open bosonic string. The problem of tachyon condensation is first described in the context of the low-energy Yang-Mills description of a system of multiple D-branes, and then using the language of string field theory. An introduction is given to Witten's cubic open bosonic string field theory. The Sen conjectures on tachyon condensation in open bosonic string field theory are introduced, and evidence confirming these conjectures is reviewed.}, archivePrefix = {arXiv}, eprint = {hep-th/0301094}, eprinttype = {arxiv}, - file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/taylor_2003_lectures_on_d-branes,_tachyon_condensation,_and_string_field_theory.pdf} + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/taylor_2003_lectures_on_d-branes,_tachyon_condensation,_and_string_field_theory.pdf}, + keywords = {⛔ No DOI found} } @article{Taylor:2004:DBranesTachyonsString, title = {D-{{Branes}}, {{Tachyons}}, and {{String Field Theory}}}, author = {Taylor, Washington and Zwiebach, Barton}, - date = {2004-03}, + date = {2004}, journaltitle = {Strings, Branes and Extra Dimensions}, pages = {641--760}, doi = {10.1142/9789812702821_0012}, @@ -1964,10 +3523,60 @@ file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/taylor_zwiebach_2004_d-branes,_tachyons,_and_string_field_theory.pdf} } +@article{Taylor:2015:FtheoryGeometryMost, + title = {The {{F}}-Theory Geometry with Most Flux Vacua}, + author = {Taylor, Washington and Wang, Yi-Nan}, + date = {2015}, + journaltitle = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, + shortjournal = {J. High Energ. Phys.}, + volume = {2015}, + pages = {1--21}, + issn = {1029-8479}, + doi = {10.1007/JHEP12(2015)164}, + archivePrefix = {arXiv}, + eprint = {1511.03209}, + eprinttype = {arxiv}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/taylor_wang_2015_the_f-theory_geometry_with_most_flux_vacua2.pdf}, + langid = {english}, + number = {12} +} + +@article{Taylor:2018:ScanningSkeleton4D, + title = {Scanning the Skeleton of the {{4D F}}-Theory Landscape}, + author = {Taylor, Washington and Wang, Yi-Nan}, + date = {2018}, + journaltitle = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, + shortjournal = {J. High Energ. Phys.}, + volume = {2018}, + pages = {111}, + issn = {1029-8479}, + doi = {10.1007/JHEP01(2018)111}, + archivePrefix = {arXiv}, + eprint = {1710.11235}, + eprinttype = {arxiv}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/taylor_wang_2018_scanning_the_skeleton_of_the_4d_f-theory_landscape2.pdf}, + langid = {english}, + number = {1} +} + +@incollection{Theodoridis:2009:NonlinearClassifiers, + title = {Nonlinear {{Classifiers}}}, + booktitle = {Pattern Recognition (Fourth Edition)}, + author = {Theodoridis, Sergios and Koutroumbas, Konstantinos}, + editor = {Theodoridis, Sergios and Koutroumbas, Konstantinos}, + date = {2009}, + edition = {Fourth Edition}, + pages = {151--260}, + publisher = {{Academic Press}}, + location = {{Boston}}, + doi = {10.1016/B978-1-59749-272-0.50006-2}, + isbn = {978-1-59749-272-0} +} + @article{tHooft:1987:GravitonDominanceUltrahighenergy, title = {Graviton Dominance in Ultra-High-Energy Scattering}, author = {'t Hooft, Gerardus}, - date = {1987-11}, + date = {1987}, journaltitle = {Physics Letters B}, volume = {198}, pages = {61--63}, @@ -1979,22 +3588,34 @@ options = {useprefix=true} } -@article{tHooft:2009:DimensionalReductionQuantum, +@online{tHooft:2009:DimensionalReductionQuantum, title = {Dimensional {{Reduction}} in {{Quantum Gravity}}}, author = {'t Hooft, Gerard}, - date = {2009-03-20}, + date = {2009}, abstract = {The requirement that physical phenomena associated with gravitational collapse should be duly reconciled with the postulates of quantum mechanics implies that at a Planckian scale our world is not 3+1 dimensional. Rather, the observable degrees of freedom can best be described as if they were Boolean variables defined on a two-dimensional lattice, evolving with time. This observation, deduced from not much more than unitarity, entropy and counting arguments, implies severe restrictions on possible models of quantum gravity. Using cellular automata as an example it is argued that this dimensional reduction implies more constraints than the freedom we have in constructing models. This is the main reason why so-far no completely consistent mathematical models of quantum black holes have been found. Essay dedicated to Abdus Salam.}, archivePrefix = {arXiv}, eprint = {gr-qc/9310026}, eprinttype = {arxiv}, file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/hooft_2009_dimensional_reduction_in_quantum_gravity.pdf}, + keywords = {⛔ No DOI found}, options = {useprefix=true} } +@inproceedings{Tompson:2015:EfficientObjectLocalization, + title = {Efficient {{Object Localization Using Convolutional Networks}}}, + author = {Tompson, Jonathan and Goroshin, Ross and Jain, Arjun and LeCun, Yann and Bregler, Christopher}, + date = {2015}, + abstract = {Recent state-of-the-art performance on human-body pose estimation has been achieved with Deep Convolutional Networks (ConvNets). Traditional ConvNet architectures include pooling and sub-sampling layers which reduce computational requirements, introduce invariance and prevent over-training. These benefits of pooling come at the cost of reduced localization accuracy. We introduce a novel architecture which includes an efficient `position refinement' model that is trained to estimate the joint offset location within a small region of the image. This refinement model is jointly trained in cascade with a state-of-the-art ConvNet model to achieve improved accuracy in human joint location estimation. We show that the variance of our detector approaches the variance of human annotations on the FLIC dataset and outperforms all existing approaches on the MPII-human-pose dataset.}, + archivePrefix = {arXiv}, + eprint = {1411.4280}, + eprinttype = {arxiv}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/tompson_et_al_2015_efficient_object_localization_using_convolutional_networks.pdf} +} + @article{Uranga:2003:ChiralFourdimensionalString, title = {Chiral Four-Dimensional String Compactifications with Intersecting {{D}}-Branes}, author = {Uranga, Angel M.}, - date = {2003-06-21}, + date = {2003}, journaltitle = {Classical and Quantum Gravity}, shortjournal = {Class. Quantum Grav.}, volume = {20}, @@ -2011,13 +3632,92 @@ date = {2005}, url = {http://cds.cern.ch/record/933469/files/cer-002601054.pdf}, abstract = {We review the construction of chiral four-dimensional compactifications of string theory with different systems of D-branes, including type IIA intersecting D6-branes and type IIB magnetised D-branes. Such models lead to four-dimensional theories with non-abelian gauge interactions and charged chiral fermions. We discuss the application of these techniques to building of models with spectrum as close as possible to the Standard Model, and review their main phenomenological properties. We finally describe how to implement the tecniques to construct these models in flux compactifications, leading to models with realistic gauge sectors, moduli stabilization and supersymmetry breaking soft terms.}, - file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/uranga_2005_tasi_lectures_on_string_compactification,_model_building,_and_fluxes.pdf} + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/uranga_2005_tasi_lectures_on_string_compactification,_model_building,_and_fluxes.pdf}, + keywords = {⛔ No DOI found} +} + +@article{vanderWalt:2011:NumPyArrayStructure, + title = {The {{NumPy}} Array: {{A}} Structure for Efficient Numerical Computation}, + author = {van der Walt, Stèfan and Colbert, Chris and Varoquaux, Gaël}, + date = {2011}, + journaltitle = {Computing in Science Engineering}, + volume = {13}, + pages = {22--30}, + doi = {10.1109/MCSE.2011.37}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/der_walt_et_al_2011_the_numpy_array.pdf}, + number = {2}, + options = {useprefix=true} +} + +@article{Wang:2018:LearningNonHiggsableGauge, + title = {Learning Non-{{Higgsable}} Gauge Groups in {{4D F}}-Theory}, + author = {Wang, Yi-Nan and Zhang, Zhibai}, + date = {2018}, + journaltitle = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, + shortjournal = {J. High Energ. Phys.}, + volume = {2018}, + pages = {9}, + issn = {1029-8479}, + doi = {10.1007/JHEP08(2018)009}, + archivePrefix = {arXiv}, + eprint = {1804.07296}, + eprinttype = {arxiv}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/wang_zhang_2018_learning_non-higgsable_gauge_groups_in_4d_f-theory3.pdf}, + langid = {english}, + number = {8} +} + +@software{Waskom:2020:MwaskomSeabornV0, + title = {Mwaskom/Seaborn: V0.11.0 ({{September}} 2020)}, + author = {Waskom, Michael and Botvinnik, Olga and Gelbart, Maoz and Ostblom, Joel and Hobson, Paul and Lukauskas, Saulius and Gemperline, David C and Augspurger, Tom and Halchenko, Yaroslav and Warmenhoven, Jordi and Cole, John B. and de Ruiter, Julian and Vanderplas, Jake and Hoyer, Stephan and Pye, Cameron and Miles, Alistair and Swain, Corban and Meyer, Kyle and Martin, Marcel and Bachant, Pete and Quintero, Eric and Kunter, Gero and Villalba, Santi and {Brian} and Fitzgerald, Clark and Evans, C.G. and Williams, Mike Lee and O'Kane, Drew and Yarkoni, Tal and Brunner, Thomas}, + date = {2020}, + doi = {10.5281/zenodo.4019146; http://web.archive.org/web/20201007135547/https://zenodo.org/record/4019146}, + keywords = {archived}, + options = {useprefix=true}, + organization = {{Zenodo}}, + version = {v0.11.0} +} + +@inproceedings{WesMcKinney:2010:DataStructuresStatistical, + title = {Data {{Structures}} for {{Statistical Computing}} in {{Python}}}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 9th {{Python}} in {{Science Conference}}}, + author = {{Wes McKinney}}, + editor = {van der Walt, Stéfan and {Jarrod Millman}}, + date = {2010}, + pages = {56--61}, + doi = {10.25080/Majora-92bf1922-00a}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/wes_mckinney_2010_data_structures_for_statistical_computing_in_python3.pdf}, + options = {useprefix=true} +} + +@article{Wittkowski:1986:ClassificationRegressionTrees, + title = {Classification and Regression Trees - l. {{Breiman}}, j. {{H}}. {{Friedman}}, r. {{A}}. {{Olshen}} and c. {{J}}. {{Stone}}.}, + author = {Wittkowski, Knut}, + date = {1986}, + journaltitle = {Metrika}, + volume = {33}, + pages = {128--128}, + issn = {0026-1335}, + url = {http://eudml.org/doc/176041}, + keywords = {⛔ No DOI found} +} + +@online{Yan:2020:DeepLearningBlack, + title = {Deep {{Learning}} Black Hole Metrics from Shear Viscosity}, + author = {Yan, Yu-Kun and Wu, Shao-Feng and Ge, Xian-Hui and Tian, Yu}, + date = {2020}, + abstract = {Based on the AdS/CFT correspondence, we build up a deep neural network to learn the black-hole metrics from the complex frequency-dependent shear viscosity. The network architecture provides a discretized representation of the holographic renormalization group flow of the shear viscosity and is applicable for a large class of strongly coupled field theories. Given the existence of the horizon and guided by the smoothness of spacetimes, we show that the Schwarzschild and Reissner-Nordstr\textbackslash "\{o\}m metrics can be learned accurately. Moreover, we illustrate that the generalization ability of the deep neural network can be excellent, which indicates that using the black hole spacetime as a hidden data structure, a wide spectrum of the shear viscosity can be generated from a narrow frequency range. Our work might not only suggest a data-driven way to study holographic transports but also shed new light on the emergence mechanism of black hole spacetimes from field theories.}, + archivePrefix = {arXiv}, + eprint = {2004.12112}, + eprinttype = {arxiv}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/yan_et_al_2020_deep_learning_black_hole_metrics_from_shear_viscosity2.pdf;/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/storage/SHKSTBVX/2004.html}, + keywords = {⛔ No DOI found} } @article{Yau:1977:CalabiConjectureNew, title = {Calabi's Conjecture and Some New Results in Algebraic Geometry}, author = {Yau, Shing-Tung}, - date = {1977-05-01}, + date = {1977}, journaltitle = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, shortjournal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, volume = {74}, @@ -2029,6 +3729,14 @@ number = {5} } +@book{Zheng:2018:FeatureEngineeringMachine, + title = {Feature Engineering for Machine Learning: Principles and Techniques for Data Scientists}, + author = {Zheng, Alice and Casari, Amanda}, + date = {2018}, + publisher = {{O'Reilly Media, Inc.}}, + file = {/home/riccardo/.local/share/zotero/files/zheng_casari_2018_feature_engineering_for_machine_learning.pdf} +} + @book{Zwiebach::FirstCourseString, title = {A {{First Course}} in {{String Theory}}}, author = {Zwiebach, Barton}, diff --git a/thesis.tex b/thesis.tex index 7e094a2..1073818 100644 --- a/thesis.tex +++ b/thesis.tex @@ -24,6 +24,9 @@ } %---- abbreviations +\newcommand{\ml}{\textsc{ml}\xspace} +\newcommand{\nn}{\textsc{nn}\xspace} +\newcommand{\eda}{\textsc{eda}\xspace} \newcommand{\bo}{\textsc{bo}\xspace} \newcommand{\nbo}{\textsc{nbo}\xspace} \newcommand{\gnbo}{\textsc{gnbo}\xspace} @@ -32,6 +35,7 @@ \newcommand{\hyp}[4]{\ensuremath{\mathrm{F}\left( #1,\, #2;\, #3;\, #4 \right)}} \newcommand{\poch}[2]{\ensuremath{\left( #1 \right)_{#2}}} \newcommand{\gfun}[1]{\ensuremath{\Gamma\left( #1 \right)}} +\newcommand{\hodge}[2]{\ensuremath{h^{#1,#2}}} %---- derivatives \newcommand{\consprod}[2]{\left\langle #1, #2 \right\rangle}